!Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022

p- ISSN 2777-0915 | e-ISSN 2797-6068

164 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id

IMPLEMENT AT IO N * OF* PPKM* IN* SOCIA L* ECONOMIC*

CHANGE*PERSPECTIVES*OF*DAILY*LABOR*AND*W ORK ERS*

IN*THE*NEW*N O R M A L*E RA*

Syamsuni HR

, Rusli Malli

Hj. Sumiati

, Hasnawati

and Aisyah Nursam

Mega Rezky University Makassar, Indonesia

1,2,4 and 5

and University of Muhammadiyah

Makassar, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

, [email protected]

[email protected]

, wa[email protected]

and

[email protected]

Introduction*

In essence, the Coronavirus not only became known in 2019, but it has been known

in scientific circles since 1960 and the most severe Covid-19 pandemic since 1918 (Hartl

et al., 2020). According to Nurse. Ph.D. Adjunct Professor in Ricardo de Mattos (Russo

Rafael that three types of coronavirus can cause severe respiratory syndrome, namely

MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (Russo

Rafael et al., 2020).

SARS-CoV-2 is a Coronavirus that attacks humanity and challenges the world,

which began in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 (Wren-Lewis, 2020). (Ceylan et al.,

2020) This SARS-CoV-2 causes severe acute respiratory disorders and even causes

humanity to be die. Covid-19 is attacking the human world without any human

Keywords

New Era, Social

Economic, Labor,

Workers

Article Info

Accepted:

December, 23

2021

Revised:

January, 4

2022

Approved:

January, 14

2022

Abstract!

At the beginning of 2020, the world considered that the

spread of Covid-19 was endemic. It is so fast that the WHO

has determined that Covid-19 is a pandemic that must be

watched out for. Although many countries have

implemented lockdowns, the spread of Covid-19 is so fast

and seems to be out of control, and viral replication is fast.

Travel restrictions and patient isolation are the Indonesian

government's strategies in dealing with the Covid-19

pandemic in the PPKM concept (implementation of

restrictions on community activities (PPKM), implemented

in every country. Observations show that daily laborers and

masons are communities with low access to housing

categories. 67% of daily laborers and masons live in

uninhabitable houses and slum areas, 20% live for rent, the

rest live in their own houses. Daily workers and masons'

residence conditions are the houses on stilts, which are

made of wood with a zinc roof with "gamacca" walls and

unpainted boards. economic level of the families of daily

workers and masons has changed compared to the income

of daily workers and masons before and during the Covid-

19 pandemic. Based on the condition of the masonry

community who felt a significant impact on the

implementation of PPKM, conclude that the community is

in a dilemma. The dilemma position referred to here is that

when the community adheres to the PPKM policy, the

community will experience economic devastation.

Syamsuni HR

, Rusli Malli

Hj. Sumiati

, Hasnawati

and Aisyah Nursam

Implementation of PPKM in Social Economic Change Perspectives of Daily Labor

And Workers in The New Normal Era 165

preparation, such as drugs and vaccines, in the face of the Covid-19 attack (Gössling et

al., 2020).

In the beginning of 2020, the world considered that the spread of Covid-19 was

endemic. It is so fast that the WHO has determined that Covid-19 is a pandemic that must

be watched out for. Although many countries have implemented lockdowns, the spread of

Covid-19 is so fast and seems to be out of control, and viral replication is fast. (Klemeš et

al., 2021) (Hartl et al., 2020) (Car et al., 2020), (Metcalfe, 2020).

Based on the history of human civilization, there has been a radical social change,

not only the Covid-19 pandemic, but humanity has experienced many declines or

socioeconomic changes as it is today. In 1858 and 1930, humanity was faced with the

spread of the Spanish flu, World War II, World War I, and the Great Depression (Ceylan

et al., 2020).

Coronavirus, better known as covid 19, has changed human civilization globally.

(Ågerfalk et al., 2020). The Covid-19 pandemic has taken a significant toll on human life

and destroyed the community's economy. (Cacciapaglia et al., 2020) Covid-19 has spread

so quickly throughout the world that it affects human life globally. (Wren-Lewis, 2020)

(Klemeš et al., 2021) and also impact human psychological development (Yan et al.,

2020). According to WHO, as of April 14, 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic affected

213 countries (Simoni & Hofmann, 2020).

The condition of humanity globally as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as

described above, has forced State leaders to take various policies in order to exponentially

break the chain of the Covid-19 pandemic (Nicola et al., 2020). Non-pharmaceutical

intervention (NPI) was the primary strategy for dealing with pandemics before the advent

of vaccines. The non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) referred here is a non-drug and

vaccine prevention strategy for the Covid-19 pandemic, such as restrictions on human

activities outside the house, PSBB, Lockdown, social distancing, wearing masks, washing

hands, avoiding unnecessary travel, bans on congregations and others. Many countries

forbid their citizens to travel both locally and internationally (Gössling et al., 2020).

Strategy Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) carried out by many countries

have not run without impact. Insttead, it has a huge impact, especially on the national

economy and changes, along with the fall of global stock indexes (Wren-Lewis, 2020).

The Indonesian government has implemented various strategies in anticipating the

spread of Covid-19 through non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI), including the PSBB,

a strict ban on crowds involving the Satpol (TNI and Polri) officers. Currently, the

Indonesian government is carrying out PPKM from level 1 to level 4, which brings the

Indonesian state to level 1 or a country at low risk from exposure to Covid 19.

Based on the government's experience in 2002 and 2003, the SARS pandemic was

controlled by a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) pattern, conventional control

measures, namely travel restrictions and personal isolation patients (Car et al., 2020).

Travel restrictions and patient isolation are the Indonesian government's strategy in

dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic in the PPKM concept implementation of restrictions

on community activities (PPKM), implemented in every country (Wahyudin

Darmalaksana, 2021).

According to Krisdayanto in (Wahyudin Darmalaksana, 2021), PPKM is an

essential thing to be implemented in the community as a form of prevention escalation of

contagion Covid-19. The policy for implementing PPKM is based on the Instruction of

the Minister of Home Affairs 15 of 2021 regarding the Implementation of Corona

Emergency Restrictions. Prior to the implementation of PPKM, the government has

implemented PSBB or Lockdown zones in several places throughout Indonesia (Miharja

et al., 2021).

Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 164-174

166 p-ISSN 2777-0915 | e-ISSN 2797-6068

Although the implementation of PPKM is a pro and contra in the community, the

government still applies it strictly. If PPKM is not strictly standardized, the Covid 19

pandemic will increase even though people's incomes decline sharply during the

implementation of PPKM (Wahyudin Darmalaksana, 2021). Therefore, the government

must pay attention to and protect the community's interests, especially daily needs, during

the implementation of the PPKM (Miharja et al., 2021).

The implementation of PPKM at levels 4-1 affects the economic level of the

community, and there is a decline in quality and economic conditions. The application of

the restriction policy (PPKM), the prohibition of conducting relational activities, and

economic relations activities cause socioeconomic changes in the community (Tapung et

al., 2020). According to (Martin et al., 2020) Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on the

national economy, which became a socioeconomic change for the community

Socioeconomic changes during Covid 19 and various activity restriction policies

were experienced at all levels of society. These are that cannot be separated because of

the socioeconomic changes experienced by all levels of society due to government

policies that limit the space for community relations. This PPKM is also a critical policy

that is strictly defined to break the chain of the spread of Covid 19. Many predict that

although Covid 19 can be controlled, the economic impact will be felt in a relatively long

time (Ceylan et al., 2020).

Implementing a very strict PPKM is one of the government's strategies in creating

improved public health stability that is avoided from exposure to COVID-19 and leads

people to face the new normal. What is meant by the new normal leads to a new order of

life (New Normal) to be able to coexist with Covid-19 (Doddy Irawan, Neni Triana,

Linda Suwarni, 2018).

The Covid-19 pandemic will soon end due to the active and firm role of the

government in implementing various strategies in limiting community activities.

Socioeconomic changes in society are unavoidable and will likely be felt for a long time,

especially people who have odd jobs or do not have permanent jobs, such as daily

workers (construction workers/ masons).

According to (Ceylan et al., 2020), the pandemic could result in poverty, and

economic recovery would be slow, especially for developing countries (Buheji et al.,

2020). The indicator is that during the COVID-19 pandemic, various government policies

have limited economic relations and community activities. The limitation of community

activities (PPKM) led the community to experience a significant socioeconomic change,

namely reducing people's income. Construction workers/masons are communities with

low economic strata and underprivileged strata. According to (Bashir et al., 2020), Covid

19 significantly impacted the poor or underprivileged. Daily laborers and masons are one

of the communities that have a shallow family consumption pattern. It happened both

before Covid and in the post-PPKM period. The consumption pattern is one indicator in

measuring the level of family welfare, so this consumption pattern is a common thread of

the difference between daily laborers, masons, and the general public (Anwar, 2018).

Many studies measure the variables of the COVID-19 pandemic, socioeconomic

changes, changes in social interaction during a pandemic, such as the research conducted

by Jeratallah Aram Dani and Yogi Mediantara in 2020 with the title “Covid-19 and

Changes in Social Communication”, it concluded that the Covid 19 pandemic affected the

polarization of interactions. In addition, a study conducted by Christine Diah

Wahyuningsih in 2020 with the title New Normal and Social Change in a Sociological

Perspective concluded that civilization and the order of humanity would experience a

shift in a direction and form that is much different from the previous conditions as a result

of the Covid-19 pandemic. There are still many studies conducted by researchers both

Syamsuni HR

, Rusli Malli

Hj. Sumiati

, Hasnawati

and Aisyah Nursam

Implementation of PPKM in Social Economic Change Perspectives of Daily Labor

And Workers in The New Normal Era 167

nationally and internationally, but none of the existing studies. No one has studied the

socioeconomic changes specifically for daily laborers and bricklayers during the Covid-

19 pandemic. The specialty and novelty of the study we are conducting is that the objects

we examine have never been studied during Covid-19, namely the social changes of the

daily laborers and stonemasons.

The main ideas in this study are the social changes of the daily laborers and

stonemasons during the pandemic are: (1) before Covid-19, the daily laborers and

stonemasons had a very low-income category (2) before Covid-19, the daily laborers and

Stonemasons do not have permanent jobs that can meet the daily needs of the family. (3).

The daily laborers and stonemasons community are low-income (4). The community of

daily laborers and stonemasons is at a low education level.

Research Method

This study is a descriptive study of 196 people who work as daily laborers and

masons. A descriptive study is used to describe and analyze the socioeconomic changes

experienced by day laborers and masons. Describing a phenomenon in detail is usually

done by collecting data from individuals who have experienced the phenomenon. The

size of the individual group under study may vary (Creswell, 2017).

Data were collected by observation, armature, and interview. This study measured

variable a) income of daily laborers and masons, b) conditions of residence for daily

workers and masons, c) conditions of family education. In contrast, the output variable is

socioeconomic changes.

Picture 1. Analysis Data.

Analysis of the data used in this study was a simple descriptive statistic that will

describe the data in data presentation in simple tables.

Result and Discussion

PPKM is a form of government policy in breaking the chain of the spread of the

Covid-19 pandemic. It is just that the implementation of PPKM affects people's lives,

such as job loss and financial difficulties. (Briggs et al., 2020) whatever again for the

community who work as daily laborers and stonemasons, a community whose income is

erratic and has a low category.

This paper's results from research on 196 daily laborers and masons were analyzed

using a mixed-method approach. Indonesia has been one of the countries exposed to the

Covid-19 pandemic since the beginning of 2022, which particularly impacts the

Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 164-174

168 p-ISSN 2777-0915 | e-ISSN 2797-6068

socioeconomic community. So that the Indonesian government implements various

strategies to prevent the Covid-19 pandemic widely (Azimah et al., 2020). One of the

government's strategies in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic is the implementation of

PPKM. The implementation of PPKM affects the social and economic activities of the

community (Yusuf & Agustang, 2020). Sociologically, the implementation of PPKM

brings a dilemma in people's lives, especially people who work as daily laborers and

stonemasons. The dilemma is between health and income, especially day laborers and

stonemasons.

The existence of the Covid-19 pandemic has brought about a sporadic and radical

socioeconomic change in society, which essentially means that humanity globally is not

ready to face these socioeconomic changes (Dani & Mediantara, 2020) (Wahyuningsih,

2020). However, society must experience a change because change is a cycle of human

life.

Socioeconomic changes in the daily laborers and masons during the

implementation of PPKM during the Covid-19 pandemic were influenced by the

following three aspects: living conditions, income, and education.

The Covid-19 pandemic is a time that changes the order of human life, both health

and the global economy. (Kimani et al., 2020) This massive impact is unprecedented on

the global economy and individual economic well-being. (Hu, 2020) The Covid-19

pandemic has brought enormous societal changes, especially in low-income areas.

(Bashir et al., 2020).

Indicators of low-income communities are as follows: According to the World

Bank, low-income people have an income of USD 1.9 per capita per day. Low income

causes low community access to housing (Gilbert, 2014).

Observations show that daily laborers and masons are communities with low

access to housing categories. 67% of daily laborers and masons live in uninhabitable

houses and slum areas, 20% live for rent, the rest are their own houses.

Daily workers and masons' residence conditions are the houses on stilts, which are

made of wood with a zinc roof with "gamacca" walls and unpainted boards. In terms of

classification, there are 77 permanent houses, 93 semi-permanent, and 26 emergency

houses. From the observations of 83 respondents' houses, data were obtained about the

area of the families of daily laborers and masons. It can be seen in the table below.

Table 1. Distribution of Family House Area Day Laborers and Masons.

House Area (m2)

Frequency

Percenta

ge (%)

31 – 40

41 – 50

51 – 60

61 – 70

71 – 80

³ 81

35,20

23.47

18.37

16.84

5,10

1.02

Total

196

100

Source: Primary Data.

From Table 1, it can be seen that small independent families and large independent

farmers/landlords are the largest with a house area of 31–40 m2, which is 69 people

(53.20%) and the least with a house area of ³ 81 m2 that is one person (1,02%).

According to research results (Bashir et al., 2020), low-income areas had a high

risk of exposure to covid 19. Observations showed that day laborers and stonemasons had

Syamsuni HR

, Rusli Malli

Hj. Sumiati

, Hasnawati

and Aisyah Nursam

Implementation of PPKM in Social Economic Change Perspectives of Daily Labor

And Workers in The New Normal Era 169

low incomes. Moreover, the most affected by the implementation of PPKM are small

communities such as day laborers and stonemasons.

The implementation of PPKM is a government policy that significantly impacts

society, resulting in socioeconomic changes. One of the socioeconomic changes felt by

the community is the decline in people's purchasing power, especially people who work

as daily laborers and stonemasons. One indicator of the low purchasing power of people

who work as daily laborers and masons is the very minimal level of income or wages

during the implementation of PPKM (Resnia et al., 2016).

Table 2. Family Income Level Day Laborers and Masons.

Questionnaire Answer

Frequency

Percentage (%)

IDR 1,000,000 and above

IDR 196,000 – IDR 1,000,000

IDR 200,000 – IDR 196,000

IDR 200,000 and below

151

2.55

77.04

20.41

Total

196

100

Source: Tabulated results Family income level Daily Laborers and Masons.

Based on the table above, it can be seen that the income earned by the families of

daily laborers and masons is 2.55% or five people from 196 family respondents. Daily

laborer's and masons medium income is around Rp. 196,000 – Rp. 1,000,000 as much as

77.04% or 191 people from 196 respondents who have less income, namely around Rp.

200,000 – Rp. 196,000 and as many as 20.41% or 40 people from 196 respondents who

have meager incomes, namely: around Rp. 200,000 and below.

From the results of the tabulation of the questionnaire above, a conclusion can be

drawn that the families of daily laborers and masons income less and approaching very

low namely: around Rp. 200,000 - Rp. 196,000.

The description of the research results presented in table 2 above is the income of

daily laborers and masons before Covid-19. When the world was hit by Covid-19, the

income of daily laborers and bricklayers was increasingly erratic, which was exacerbated

by the implementation of PPKM.

As stated by one respondent in an interview: “During Covid-19, our income was

significantly less and no longer sufficient for our needs. However, sufficient or not

enough income we earn must meet it in any way as long as it is halal for our children's

educational and daily living needs (H, Ramli Dg Sila, Mason, interview, 2021).

It is different from the response of the stonemason family; very low-income earners

say that: “When it comes to income, I dare say that it is not enough in daily life,

especially as long as PPKM is implemented, especially if we want to pay for children's

education. So sometimes our children don’t have time to go to school or drop out because

we cannot afford it” (Daeng rate, Day Labor, interview, 2021).

From the results of the tabulation of the questionnaire above, we can conclude that

the income earned by the families of daily laborers and masons is never sufficient for

education and daily living needs. The result's distribution of the questionnaire on the

income level of daily workers and masons during the Covid-19 pandemic is as follows.

Table 3. Family Income Level Day Laborers and Masons.

Questionnaire Answer

Frequency

Percentage (%)

IDR 1,000,000 and above

IDR 196,000 – IDR 1,000,000

IDR 200,000 – IDR 196,000

IDR 200,000 and below

174

1.5

9.7

88.8

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168 p-ISSN 2777-0915 | e-ISSN 2797-6068

Total

196

100

Source: Tabulated results Family income level Daily Laborers and Masons.

Based on the table above, it can be seen that the income earned by the families of

daily laborers and masons is 1.5% or three people out of 196 family respondents. Daily

laborers and masons 9.7% or 19 people from 196 respondents who have less income,

namely: around Rp. 200,000 – Rp. 196,000 and as many as 88.8% or 174 people from

196 respondents who have meager incomes, namely: around Rp. 200,000 and below. Day

laborers and masons have low-income levels.

From the tabulation's results of the questionnaire above, we can conclude that the

economic level of the families of daily workers and masons has changed compared to the

income of daily workers and masons before and during the Covid-19 pandemic.

The family's economic level influences the level of education of children because it

is known that education boarding is very expensive in this era. Even though the South

Sulawesi provincial government has launched a free education program, the families of

daily workers and stonemasons have not felt from the program. Still, costs are an obstacle

in developing their children's education. Especially in dealing with the new normal after

the implementation of PPKM, which affects the community's economy

Almost all parents and children of the family, daily laborers, and masons think that

education is important because education is considered a place to escape from the

shackles of ignorance. Besides that, education will facilitate other individuals in

achieving independence (Puspita, 2018) and lift people from the abyss of poverty. A

guarantee of life in the future gives happiness in this world and the hereafter. The

economic situation of the families of daily laborers and masons before the Covid-19

pandemic was low, so education expectations were not fully achieved. It was due to the

economic squeeze.

It is well known that the implementation of the Covid-19 pandemic termination

strategy such as PPKM affects the community's economy, so this becomes a big

challenge for families of daily laborers and masons in financing their children's

education.

Before the time of Covid-19, the children's education of daily laborers and masons

only reached the high school level. During this Covid-19, many of their children decided

not to continue their education. One of the factors is the inability of parents to prepare

online learning media such as cellphones and other gaged forms. (Putria et al., 2020) The

use of online media in learning is the best solution in maintaining learning so that it

continues to process during the Covid-19 pandemic and is considered capable of helping

students understand the subject well (Mustakim, 2020).

Most of the respondents' education levels in this study were 49 people graduated

from elementary school (25.00%), did not finish elementary school were 67 people

(34.18%), graduated from junior high school were 33 people (16.84%), graduated from

high school were 35 people (17, 86%), Academy only one person (0.51%) and Bachelor

were seven people (3.57%). So the average level of education of the respondents in this

study is elementary school graduation.

The social change includes three ideas: first, the existence of a situation that is

different from other conditions that have changed. Second, it occurs at different times;

namely, changes occur not simultaneously but at different times with a specific period.

Third, among states of the same social system (Sztompka, in (Yusuf & Agustang, 2020)),

the active community feels daily life and masons where the process of change occurs in

170

Syamsuni HR

, Rusli Malli

Hj. Sumiati

, Hasnawati

and Aisyah Nursam

Implementation of PPKM in Social Economic Change Perspectives of Daily Labor

And Workers in The New Normal Era 171

different circumstances and times, namely in the pre-covid period and during the Covid-

19 period.

Covid-19 can cause trauma and social change; many predict that even though the

Covid-19 pandemic ends, the impact on the economy and social trauma of humanity

globally will still be felt for a long time. (Ceylan et al., 2020) It is followed by the

statement (Martin et al., 2020) that the Covid-19 pandemic impacted the national

economy, which became a socioeconomic change for the community.

Covid-19 is a virus that affects various sectors of life, communities, businesses that

inadvertently affect financial markets and the global economy. (Nicola et al., 2020)

although public health is more important than everything, the government in each country

takes concrete steps to prevent the spread of Covid-19. The evidence for the impact of

Covid-19 on the economy is one survey in the UK shows that covid 19 has an impact on

the manufacturing business; 80% more experienced a decline in turnover for two years

(Nicola et al., 2020).

PPKM is one of the policies of the Indonesian government that will limit human

relations and life relations comprehensively and strictly, which has a significant impact

on the community's social economy. The implementation of PPKM aims to bring the

Covid-19 pandemic to an end, and humanity will prepare themselves side by side with

Covid-19 (Doddy Irawan, Neni Triana, Linda Suwarni, 2018).

One community that feels the implementation of the government's restrictions is

the laborers and masons, which incidentally is a community at the pre-prosperous/poor

economic level. This community of daily laborers and masons generally lives in slum

areas and resides in low-income settlements. according to (Nicola et al., 2020) that people

who live in low-income areas have a high risk of exposure to Covid-19.

One of the high-risk factors for exposure to Covid-19 is an unclean environment

because an unclean environment will affect human immunity. Moreover, a good immune

system will cause mild symptoms. Compared to a low immune system, it can cause

exposure to Covid-19. which is more severe. (Mulyati, 2020) low-income areas are in

slum areas and occupy houses that are not suitable for habitation. According to (Gilbert,

2014), low income and the community's access to housing are also low. Observations

show that low-income people live in uninhabitable houses and unclean environments.

Conclusion

Based on the condition of the masonry community who felt a significant impact on

the implementation of PPKM, we conclude that the community is in a dilemma. The

dilemma position referred to here is that when the community adheres to the PPKM

policy, the community will experience economic devastation and even go to the stage of

starvation. When people leave the public and do not comply with PPKM rules, the

community will get two impacts: A high risk of exposure to Covid 19 and strict sanctions

from the government.

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Syamsuni*HR

,*Rusli*Malli

,*Hj.*Sumiati

,*Hasnawati

*and*

Aisyah*Nursam

(2021)

First*publication*right*:*

Devotion*:*Journal*of*Research*and*Community*Service*

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