!Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022
p- ISSN 2777-0915 | e-ISSN 2797-6068
261 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
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I Gede Catur Wira Natanagara
1
and Suyasning Hastiko Indonesiani
2
Warmadewa University, Indonesia
1 and 2
Email: [email protected]
1
2
Introduction*
Everyone in doing work is at risk of experiencing interference or injury that can interfere
with his health. The most common complaint experienced by someone who does work is
a complaint on his musculoskeletal system or what is commonly termed as a complaint of
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Complaints of MSDs are complaints of skeletal
muscle parts that are felt by a person ranging from very mild complaints to very sick. If
the muscles receive static loads repeatedly for a long time, it can cause complaints in the
form of damage to joints, ligaments, and tendons (Tarwaka & Sudiajeng, 2004).
The results of a study on MSDs show that the muscles of the neck, shoulders, arms,
hands, fingers, back, waist, and lower muscles are the most commonly affected parts of
Keywords
!!
Musculoskeletal
Disorders, Age,
Working Experience,
Weight Load,
Transport Distance
Article*Info
Accepted:
December, 23
th
2021
Revised:
January, 4
th
2022
Approved:
January, 14
th
2022
Abstract!
Work as a transport worker or "manufacturer" is one of the
jobs at risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).
Complaints are caused by various factors such as age, years
of service, workload, and hauling distance. This study aims
to determine the effect of age, years of service, weight of
load, and distance of transport with musculoskeletal
complaints. The research location was carried out in
Badung-Kumbasari Market, Denpasar City with a cross
sectional method. The design used in this study is a cross
sectional study. Data collection was carried out from
September-December 2016The sample of this study was
taken consecutively with 32 women as respondents.
Musculoskeletal complaints were measured using a Nordic
Body Maps questionnaire with a Likert scale and the factors
to be studied were using questionnaires and tools that had
been prepared. Data analysis used the Pearson correlation
test. From the results of the study, it was found that there
was a relationship between age and musculoskeletal
complaints (r*=0.625; p<0.001), the relationship between
years of service and musculoskeletal complaints (r*=0.683;
p<0.001), the relationship between the weight of the load
and musculoskeletal complaints (r*= 0.731; p<0.001) and
the relationship between haulage distance and
musculoskeletal complaints (r*=-0.528; p<0.001). It can be
concluded that age, working period, weight of load and
hauling distance affect MSDs in haulage workers and
weight of load is the dominant factor. It is hoped that
ergonomic weight control can reduce musculoskeletal
complaints in female transport workers.
I Gede Catur Wira Natanagara
1
and Suyasning Hastiko Indonesiani
2
Factors Influencing Complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDS) on Female
Transport Workers “Tukang Suun” at Badung-Kumbasari Market 262
workers. The causes or factors that influence the occurrence of MSDs in each job include
gender, age, body posture, weight of transportation, distance of transportation, frequency
of transportation, as well as external factors that influence it. In studies on the European
continent, if these musculoskeletal complaints continue, it will manifest into several
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (27.9%), spondyloarthopathy (23.2%), osteoarthritis
(10.8%), sprains or strains (7.2%). 3%), pain in the spine and neck (3.6%), osteoporosis
(1.1%), and upper limb disorders (0.5%) (Zheltoukhova, 2013) (Kulin & Reaston, 2011)
(Sirge, Ereline, Kums, Gapeyeva, & Pääsuke, 2014). Complaints of MSDs can also affect
the productivity of workers to perform her job.
In Denpasar City, there is one of the economic centers of the community, namely
Pasar Badung-Kumbasari. The Badung-Kumbasari market is one of the traditional
markets that is a place for the development of informal sector work and absorbs a lot of
labor (Zheltoukhova, 2013) (Purawati, 2011). As the largest traditional market in
Denpasar City which provides basic needs, traders and buyers are in dire need of the
services of goods transport workers at Badung Market. Kumbasari or often referred to as
a sundresser.
Tukang Suun is a term for female transportation workers who work to offer their
services to transport groceries or merchandise to be moved to one place, by placing the
goods on top of their heads. The number of stackers recorded at the Regional Company of
Pasar Badung-Kumbasari Denpasar City is 90 people (Yanti, 2014). From previous
studies, the load lifted by each person ranged from 25-50 kg plus a basket of 1-2 kg, and
the average distance traveled per transport frequency 100 meters long (Hutagalung,
2013). According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), the lifting limit for
women is between 9.6-14.3 kg, so that the transportation workers in the Badung-
Kumbasari Market exceed the normal lifting limit. In observations made in December
2015 at the Badung-Kumbasari Market, interviews were conducted with female transport
workers “tukang suun” and goods owners that the weight of the goods lifted varies and
the luggage can exceed 50 kg depending on the luggage such as unprocessed food
ingredients.
Based on these data, ergonomics discrepancy is also one of the risks of MSDs in the
stacker. This study aims to determine the relationship between the incidence of MSDs in
transportation workers at Badung-Kumbasari Market with several risk factors, namely
age, load, working mass, and haul distance. And in the future it is useful in preventing the
incidence of MSDs in workers who have similar activities.
Research*Method****
The design used in this study is a cross sectional study. Data collection was carried
out from September-December 2016. All female transport workers who were in the
Badung-Kumbasari market were the target population. All of the women need to transport
goods for women who are in the Badung-Kumbasari market to become an affordable
population.
From the affordable population, there are 90 people, the sample is selected by
consecutive sampling that has been determined by the formula (S., 2014). The number of
samples is determined based on the number of target population (N) of 90 people, the
expected standard deviation (Zα) is 1.96, which is the expected confidence level the
sample is 95%, the proportion of events at the population level (P) is 50%, and the level
of precision or desired effect size is 15%. By using the formula for determining the
sample size (n'k) it takes 29 people and plus 10% of the sample to 32 people to anticipate
the drop out of the sample.
Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 261-269
263 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
Samples were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion
criteria for selecting the sample were female transport workers “tukang Suun” who were
in the Badung-Kumbasari Market and in Ex. Tiara Wholesale and work by upholding the
goods carried over the head. The sample will enter the exclusion criteria if the sample has
a history of pain before doing work, the sample is speech-impaired and blind and the
sample is not willing to be studied.
The measured variable is the total value of the Nordic Body Map questionnaire
with a Likert scale which is one measure of complaints of musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs) as the dependent variable. Age, working period, weight of load and hauling
distance as independent variables while as threshold variables are ambient temperature
and relative humidity.
Data collection was carried out in the Badung-Kumbasari and Ex Tiara Wholesale
Markets by conducting structured interviews by researchers and measuring instruments
that had been prepared previously. Structured interviews used interview guidelines in the
form of questionnaires to obtain information on age, years of service, frequency of
transportation and history of previous illnesses. The weight of the lifting load is measured
by weighing the load to be lifted using the Camry Luggage Scale. The measurement of
hauling distance uses the O2 Pedometer tool to measure the distance traveled in real time
from the start of work to the end of work. Musculoskeletal complaints were measured
using a Nordic Body Maps questionnaire with a Likert scale. Prior to interviews and
measurements, respondents had filled out informed consent as evidence of consent to
participate in the study.
Characteristics of respondents were analyzed univariately, while the relationship
between age, length of service, weight of load, hauling distance and musculoskeletal
complaints were analyzed bivariately to calculate the correlation coefficient (r*) as a
determinant of the effect of a relationship between variables. Bivariate analysis using the
Pearson correlation test was assisted by the help of a computerized program (Lapau,
2013).
Result*and*Discussion*
Characteristics of Respondents and Workload
All respondents studied agreed to participate in this study and there was no refusal.
Characteristics of respondents and workload in this study include age, education level,
weight, height, years of service, weight of transportation load, hauling distance,
frequency of transportation, and length of work of previous respondents which are
presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Distribution of Respondents' Characteristics and Work Weight.
Characteristics
n %
Age
20-29 years old
30-39 years old
40-49 years old
50-59 years old
More than 60 years
Total
2
8
13
8
1
32
6,3
25
40,6
25
3,1
100
(Min=25 years, Max=65, Mean=44.09, SD=9,014, Median=44,5, Mode=45)
Level of education
No School
Primary School (SD)
Junior high school (SMP)
23
8
1
71,9
25
3,1
I Gede Catur Wira Natanagara
1
and Suyasning Hastiko Indonesiani
2
Factors Influencing Complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDS) on Female
Transport Workers “Tukang Suun” at Badung-Kumbasari Market 262
Total
32
100
(Min=0, Max=2, Mean=0,31, SD=0,535, Median=0, Modus=0)
Weight
40-49 kilograms
50-59 kilograms
60-69 kilograms
70-79 kilograms
80-89 kilograms
90-99 kilograms
Total
3
12
8
5
3
1
32
9,4
37,5
25
15,6
9,4
3,1
100
(Min=45 kg, Max=92 kg, Mean=63.41, SD=12,567, Median=63, Mode=56)
Height
140-149 cm
150-159 cm
160-169 cm
Total
3
19
10
32
9,4
59,4
31,3
100
(Min=148 cm, Max=168 cm, Mean=156.34, SD=5.32, Median=155, Mode=153)
Years of Service
Less than 10 years
10-19 years old
20-29 years old
30-39 years old
40-49 years old
Total
2
7
14
7
2
32
6,3
21,9
43,8
21,9
6,3
100
(Min=8 years, Max=42 years, Mean=24.56, SD=8.955, Median=25, Mode=25)
Load weight
30-39 kilograms
40-49 kilograms
50-59 kilograms
60-69 kilograms
Total
8
9
12
3
32
25
28,1
37,5
9,4
100
(Min=31,8 kg, Max=65 kg, Mean=48,191, SD=9,3875, Median=49,65, Modus=38)
Transport distance
Less than 2,500 meters
2,500-5,000 meters
5,001-7,500 meters
7.501-10,000 meters
More than 10,000 meters
Total
16
4
2
6
4
32
50
12,5
6,3
18,8
12,5
100
(Min=1.050 m, Max=11.531 m, Mean=4.818,13, SD=3.609,088, Median=2.470,5,
Modus=1050)
Transport frequency
10-19 times
20-29 times
More or equal to 30 times
Total
22
9
1
32
68,8
28,1
3,1
100
(Min=10 kali, Max=37 kali, Mean=18,06, SD=5,984, Median=17, Modus=10)
Length of working
4 hours
5 hours
6 hours
7 hours
8 hours
Total
3
4
14
8
3
32
9,4
12,5
43,8
25
9,4
100
(Min=4, Max=8, Mean=6,13, SD=5,984, Median=6, Modus=6)
264
Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 261-269
263 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
Table 1. It can be seen that the age variable in the respondent group is mostly in the
40 to 49 year age group as many as 13 people (40.6%). For the education level of the
respondents, at most 23 people (71.9%). Based on weight and height, the most
respondents' body weight was in the weight range of 50-59 kilograms as many as 12
people (37.5%), and the highest respondent's height was in the range of 150-159 cm as
many as 19 people (59.4%). The history of the disease suffered by the respondent in the
interview results all respondents had suffered from upper respiratory tract infections,
fever, and diarrhea.
Based on the workload, the most working years ranged from 20-29 years (43.8%).
Heavy haulers carry the most loads, on average, 50-59 kilograms per working day. The
highest frequency of transportation ranges from 10-19 times by way of 22 people (68.8%)
and workers who work a day for a maximum of 6 hours as many as 14 people (43.8%).
Musculoskeletal complaints
Musculoskeletal complaints include pain or stiffness in the upper or lower neck,
pain in the shoulders, pain in the left and right upper arms, pain in the back, waist,
buttocks, buttocks, right and left elbows, left and right forearms, right wrists and ankles.
left, right and left fingers, right and left thighs, right and left knees, left and right calves,
left and right ankles, and left and right toes are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Respondents Musculoskeletal Complaints.
Complaint Type
Scale
1
2
3
4
Upper neck
0
(0%)
8
(25%)
14
(43,8%)
10
(31,3%)
Lower neck
0
(0%)
8
(25%)
15
(46,9%)
9
(28,1%)
Left shoulder
0
(0%)
11
(34,4%)
17
(53,1%)
4
(12,5%)
Right shoulder
0
(0%)
9
(28,1%)
19
(59,4%)
4
(12,5%)
Left upper arm
3
(9,4%)
15
(46,9%)
12
(37,5%)
2
(6,3%)
Back
2
(6,3%)
10
(31,3%)
15
(46,9%)
5
(15,6%)
Right upper arm
3
(9,4%)
11
(34,4%)
16
(50%)
2
(6,3%)
Waist
2
(6,3%)
6
(18,8%)
18
(56,3%)
6
(18,8%)
Butt
5
(15,6%)
7
(21,9%)
15
(46,9%)
5
(15,6%)
Butt
5
(15,6%)
10
(31,3%)
14
(43,8%)
3
(9,4%)
Right elbow
6
(18,8%)
14
(43,8%)
5
(15,6%)
7
(21,9%)
left elbow
6
(18,8%)
14
(43,8%)
5
(15,6%)
7
(21,9%)
Left forearm
13
(40,6%)
11
(34,4%)
7
(21,9%)
1
(3,1%)
Right forearm
13
(40,6%)
10
(31,3%)
8
(25%)
1
(3,1%)
Left wrist
13
(40,6%)
15
(46,9%)
3
(9,4%)
1
(3,1%)
Right wrist
14
(43,8%)
15
(46,9%)
2
(6,3%)
1
(3,1%)
Left hand fingers
21
(65,6%)
7
(21,9%)
3
(9,4%)
1
(3,1%)
Right hand fingers
21
(65,6%)
7
(21,9%)
3
(9,4%)
1
(3,1%)
Left thigh
1
(3,1%)
4
(12,5%)
13
(40,6%)
14
(43,8%)
Right thigh
1
(3,1%)
4
(12,5%)
13
(40,6%)
14
(43,8%)
Left knee
0
(0%)
2
(6,3%)
2
(6,3%)
28
(87,5%)
Right knee
0
(0%)
2
(6,3%)
2
(6,3%)
28
(87,5%)
Left calf
1
(3,1%)
5
(15,6%)
9
(28,1%)
17
(53,1%)
Right calf
1
(3,1%)
6
(18,8%)
8
(25%)
17
(53,1%)
Left ankle
3
(9,4%)
15
(46,9%)
13
(40,6%)
1
(3,1%)
Right ankle
3
(9,4%)
16
(50%)
12
(37,5%)
1
(3,1%)
Left toes
14
(43,8%)
17
(53,1%)
1
(3,1%)
0
(0%)
Right toes
14
(43,8%)
17
(53,1%)
1
(3,1%)
0
(0%)
265
I Gede Catur Wira Natanagara
1
and Suyasning Hastiko Indonesiani
2
Factors Influencing Complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDS) on Female
Transport Workers “Tukang Suun” at Badung-Kumbasari Market 262
Description
1 = no complaints
2 = few complaints
3 = complaints interfere with work, disappear immediately (<24 hours)
4 = complaints that interfere with work, disappear for a long time (> 24 hours)
Table 2. shows that the most musculoskeletal complaints were on the right and left
knees with 28 respondents (87.5%) stating that they felt pain or discomfort that interfered
with their work for a long time.
All these complaints, they are added up to get the total value of musculoskeletal
complaints so that musculoskeletal complaints are obtained for female transport workers
at the Badung-Kumbasari Market with minimum complaints with a total score of 58 and a
maximum of 95. The mean value obtained is 70.64 with a standard deviation of 7.738.
Bivariate Analysis
Bivariate analysis between the 4 independent variables and the dependent variable
showed that they had a relationship in influencing musculoskeletal complaints in
respondents, namely age, years of service, weight of the load and hauling distance which
are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Relationship between Independent Variables and Dependent Variables.
Predictive variable
Musculoskeletal complaints
r*
p
n
Age
0,625
<0,001
32
Years of service
0,683
<0,001
32
load weight
0,731
<0,001
32
Transport distance
-0,528
0,002
32
r* = correlation coefficient p=probability
The bivariate analysis of each independent and dependent variable using the
Pearson correlation test, it was found that the correlation coefficient (r*) was positive for
the variables of age, work period and weight of transport with the number of
musculoskeletal complaints in respondents. The results of the correlation coefficient (r*)
that the relationship between age and the number of musculoskeletal complaints is 0.625
with a p value of <0.001, while the relationship between years of service and
musculoskeletal complaints is 0.683 with a p value of 0.001 and the relationship between
transport weight and the number of musculoskeletal complaints is 0.731 with a value of
p<0.001. This shows that there is a strong relationship between age, years of service,
weight of transport and the number of musculoskeletal complaints in respondents.
In another bivariate analysis, the variable distance of transportation with the number of
musculoskeletal complaints obtained a negative correlation coefficient (r*) of 0.528 with
a value of p=0.002. This shows that there is a strong relationship between the distance of
transportation and the number of musculoskeletal complaints in the respondents.
The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between 4 variables
that have been shown to affect musculoskeletal complaints in respondents, namely age,
length of service, weight of transport load and haul distance.
Age in the results of this study was shown to increase musculoskeletal complaints.
This is in line with the opinion of Chaffin and Guo who stated that in general
musculoskeletal complaints begin to be felt at the age of 35 years and the level of
complaints will continue to increase in line with increasing age (As’ Adi, Sujoso, &
Prasetyowati, 2014). There is a relationship between age and musculoskeletal complaints
because the transport workers entering In middle age, the strength and endurance of the
266
Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 261-269
267 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
muscles have begun to decrease so that the risk of musculoskeletal complaints will
increase if they continue to carry loads that exceed the ability of the muscles to contract
optimally (Hall & Hall, 2020).
The working period in the results of this study was proven to affect
musculoskeletal complaints in female transport workers. This is supported by activities
with long-term periods that will result in pain and the pain will become permanent in the
limbs that are related to work such as the body, arms, joints and muscles that contract for
a long time (Suma’mur, 2019).
The results of this study indicate that the weight of the load affects the magnitude
of musculoskeletal complaints in female transport workers at Badung-Kumbasari Market.
This is in accordance with Sugeng Budiono's theory which states that every human being
has the ability to lift different loads depending on their respective conditions.
Musculoskeletal complaints can also be caused by excessive muscle stretching and are
often complained of by transport workers whose activities are lifting, pushing, pulling
and holding a load In carrying out manual material handling or manual lifting of goods if
carrying heavy loads will result in increased musculoskeletal complaints in these workers
(Gómez-Galán, Callejón-Ferre, Díaz-Pérez, Carreño-Ortega, & López-Martínez, 2021).
In the manual material handling guidelines the load that can be lifted by a woman is a
maximum of 15 kilograms, if excessive it will cause musculoskeletal complaints
(Susihono & Adiatmika, 2021).
Multiple linear regression analysis shows that the weight of the load is the
dominating factor of the other three factors. This is indicated by the results of the T test of
Tcount of the weight of the load greater than Ttable (2.519<2.04523) which proves that
workload is the main cause of musculoskeletal complaints in female transport workers in
Badung-Kumbasari Market. The factors of age, working period and hauling distance are
supporting factors or intermediate variables that cause an increase in musculoskeletal
complaints in transport workers.
The transport distance in the results of this study has a negative relationship with
musculoskeletal complaints. This is different from Eko Nurmiyanto's theory which states
that the longer the distance traveled, the greater the musculoskeletal complaints (De
Groote & Falisse, 2021). However, after re-analysis, the researcher found that the
hauling distance also had a negative relationship with the weight of the load with a
correlation coefficient (r* ) of 0.614 with a probability of <0.001. This means that the
greater the distance traveled by the transport workers, the lighter the load carried, causing
fewer musculoskeletal complaints.
Conclusion*
Based on the results of the research that has been described in the discussion, it can
be concluded that the factors of age, length of service, weight of load, and distance of
transportation affect musculoskeletal complaints in female transport workers in Badung-
Kumbasari Market. The increase in factors of age, length of service, and weight of the
load tends to increase musculoskeletal complaints in female transport workers at Badung-
Kumbasari Market. Meanwhile, the longer the hauling distance, the lighter
musculoskeletal complaints caused by the negative relationship between the hauling
distance and the weight of the load. In terms of influencing musculoskeletal complaints in
these transport workers, the weight of the load becomes the dominant factor in the
emergence of complaints.
I Gede Catur Wira Natanagara
1
and Suyasning Hastiko Indonesiani
2
Factors Influencing Complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDS) on Female
Transport Workers “Tukang Suun” at Badung-Kumbasari Market 268
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