!Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022
p- ISSN 2777-0915 | e-ISSN 2797-6068
!
213 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
!"#$%&'(#)#$'*%*(+,(-++.()#&"-#$($%/0&%)/("*%)/(
*1#&%#$(%)&2-1+$#&%+)(3%&0(4-%/%)/(.2&0+5((
Soetjipto Soewono
1
and Ayu Febrina Rizal
2
Institute of Technology – PLN Jakarta, Indonesia
1 and 2
Email: soetjipto@itpln.ac.id
1
and [email protected]
2
Introduction*
The sun is a natural light source from nature with very high light intensity
(Sanders, Frago, Kehoe, Patterson, & Gaston, 2021). This natural lighting is very well
used and utilized by humans lack of natural lighting that enters the room (Mahmoud,
2021), so the use of artificial lighting is more effective (Setiati & Budiarto, 2021). The
study in this research is the relationship of natural lighting to the learning room
(González-Zamar, Jiménez, & Ayala, 2021), where the factor causing the low natural
light produced is because the sky is covered (covered) by clouds so that the sun's rays do
not penetrate directly to the earth not maximally (Nicastro et al., 2021). Natural lighting is
needed to support indoor activities both in industry and in high-rise buildings, office
buildings, campuses and apartments in the special city in the capital Jakarta (Noviani &
Jesica, 2021). The benefits of natural lighting to help lighting in the room more
effectively can reduce lighting sourced from lower electrical energy by 25-35% (Ndaaru,
2021). To identify the indoor light intensity more accurately (Feng et al., 2021), the
researchers conducted a simulation of the indoor lighting intensity measurement
(instrument) using the kriging technique-based spatial interpolation method (Lee, Irwin,
Irwin, & Miller, 2021). The measurement process was carried out for 1 day starting at
08.00 WIB - 16.00 WIB. The results of the measurement of lighting in the room are quite
uniform which does not produce contrasting lighting (de Vries, Heynderickx, Souman, &
de Kort, 2021) which can be seen in the lighting map image below. The level of
utilization of natural lighting makes the conservation of electrical energy in the room
decrease (Wei, 2021), and supports the conservation of light in the learning room and in
Keywords
!!
Spatial, Interpolation
of outer, Inner Light
Kriging Method
Article*Info
Accepted:
December, 23
th
2021
Revised:
January, 4
th
2022
Approved:
January, 14
th
2022
Abstract!
The results of this study, where natural lighting can affect the
lighting in the room, with the entry of natural lighting into the
room through 4 open windows. The data retrieval process is for
1 day through special interpolation measurements using the
Kirging method. The stages of data collection are in the
morning, afternoon and evening with 3 windows open and 4
windows open. The intensity of light when 3 windows are open
is a minimum average of -50 lux – 1350 lux in the morning and
a maximum of -50 lux -1450 lux during the day, while the
condition of 4 open windows is that the minimum average
lighting is 0 – 1700 lux in the morning and maximum 50 lux -
1750 lux during the day d. natural lighting can make reference to
the lighting schedule in the room where the condition of 4 open
windows is a mix of 5 points in the afternoon and a minimum of
3 points during the day. The electric power obtained is a
maximum of 36 kWh, a minimum of 21.5 kWh and the resulting
cost is a maximum of RP. 51,597, a minimum of RP. 30,814.87
so that the average energy efficiency of electric power reaches
11. 75%, the highest and the lowest reaches 11. 58% and
efficiency towards costs reaches 58%.
Soetjipto Soewono
1
and Ayu Febrina Rizal
2
Quality Analysis of Room Natural Lighting Using Spatial Interpolation With
Kriging Method 214
the environment (Boulanger et al., 2021). It is necessary to know that the glass wall in the
building is very influential on the lighting in the room (Wu, Zhou, & Li, 2021) where
natural light directly penetrates into the room (Li, Wu, Yuan, & Zuo, 2021) so that it can
reduce lighting sourced from lighting, this is one of the savings in the use of electricity in
the learning room (Avgoustaki & Xydis, 2021). The determination of the lux of indoor
lighting follows the Indonesian National Standard where the standard of the room
designer by producing lux brown light which is recommended by the Indonesian National
is a used room of 250 Lux, office space of 350 Lux, Laboratory room of 500 Lux, Study
room of 300 Lux and a hall or multipurpose building 250 Lux. The place where the
researcher carried out the instrument in the design of the existing class room had 4
windows with dimensions of 3 meters x 1.8 meters, where the window was made of glass
material, one of which helped the distribution of light from outside into the classroom.
The location of the window is on the back and right side of the class, the classroom has 4
windows where the opening of the window researchers can take measurements and
collect sample data to analyze lighting in the IT-PLN classroom using Kriging-based
technology, one of the techniques of the geo-technical method. statistical is used to
spatially analyze the intensity of lighting in the indoor room area. Of course, there are
steps that are taken during the measurement, where before the light shelf is exposed to
natural lighting, the threshold for overlapping the shape of the walecontet, before the
ideal period can form three different light shelf forms, detecting the opposite energy use
of the light shelf. Indoor lighting can create perspectives in different study rooms, and
lighting is a fundamental that can support the learning process, indoor teaching and other
activities.
Research*Method****
Lighting Criteria
Natural lighting, namely lighting obtained from the sun, lighting can reduce the
consumption of lighting in the room. Natural lighting can also be in the form of
electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 380-780 manometers. The natural lighting
factor is a form of irradiation of light from the sun directly to the earth. There are three
elements can be seen in the image below.
Picture 1. Reflection Component Shape.
Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 213-227
215 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
Based on Picture 1 above is the form of light rays from the sun that radiate into the
room where the sky component (sky-fl) is external lighting obtained directly from
sunlight with an infinite electrical peak, the external shadow component (FRL) is lighting
with reflected rays and produces shadows or substances residing into the room, the inner
shadow component (frd) is lighting that illuminates from the outside directly into the
room and produces shadows with substances on the outer glass layer. The internal natural
lighting factor is determined by the alignment of the window opening.
Lighting
The intended lighting is from a lamp energy source where the intensity of lighting
in an indoor area is expressed as a flux with a reservoir area of m². The refractive
intensity of the light rays from the lamp is determined in general where the vertical side is
80 cm above the floor. In the colored plane and in the horizontal area, the intensity of
lighting E is expressed as lux or lumen/m², while the flux is placed with an area of A m.
To find out, see the lumen equation below.
…………………………………………………..……………..(1)
Where :
E = Illuminance (lx);
Φ = Luminous flux (lm);
A = Area (m2).
The glare index on lighting can be seen in the equation below.
………………………………………..………………(2)
Where :
C = Exposure factor
En = lumen
Lighting from sunlight that enters the room experiences reflection where the rays come,
the rays reflect on the normal line which is one of the flat planes can be seen in the image
below.
Picture 2. Relationship of Lines and Lighting.
Picture 2 above explains the relationship between the vertical normal lines located in a
flat plane, the source is the shape of the incident ray, namely (i), the Angle of Incidece
and the reflected ray is stated (r), the Angle of Reflection and for the law of Reflection i =
r, as for the glare index. on the light/lighting can be seen in the table below.
Soetjipto Soewono
1
and Ayu Febrina Rizal
2
!
Quality Analysis of Room Natural Lighting Using Spatial Interpolation With
Kriging Method 216
Table 1. Maximum Glare Index on Visual and Interior Tasks.
Type of Visual or
Interior Tasks and
Glare Control required
Maximum
Glare Index
Examples of Visual and Interior Tasks
Gross visual tasks or tasks
that are not performed
continuously
28
Raw materials, Steel frame production, welding
Glare control required on a
limited basis
25
Warehouses, cold stores, turbine and boiler
buildings, machine and equipment stores, plant
Rooms.
Normal Visual and Interior
Tasks
22
Corridors, stairs, canteens, cafeterias, dining
rooms, inspection and testing (manual work),
assembly rooms, sheet metal work
Spatial Interpolation
Prediction of natural lighting during the day is done by spatial analysis. Kriging is
a geo-statistical method with a technique used to interpolate units of random field values
at a location. The lack of discrete observer values at the nearest location, with a geo-
statistical approach, describes the spatial pattern and interpolates the main variables at
locations that have not been sampled. geo-statistical and used to model the uncertainty of
the error in the forecast area can be seen in the general interpolation equation expressed
as follows:
…………………………………..……………………………(3)
Where :
(Xi ) = The measured value at the location point Xi
Z(X0 ) = Estimated value on attribute X0
= unknown weight at location
X0 = predicted location
N = number of measured values.
The kriging equation (simple kriging) can be expressed as follows:
…………………………………....………(4)
Where:
Z(Xi ) = Value measured at location point Xi
Z(X0 ) = Estimated value on attribute X_0
= unknown weight at location
X0 = predicted location
n = number of measured values
= where is the known stationary mean. Parameter μ assumed constant
over the entire domain and calculated as the average of the data.
Here is the research flow.
Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 213-227
217 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
Picture 3. Research Flowchart.
Result*and*Discussion*
Measurement Scheme
The measurement scheme is carried out in the teaching and learning room 1004 at the
Institute of Technology-PLN Jakarta where the light measurement uses a lux meter
(Smart sensor brand), the measurement accuracy is approximately 5% with a range of 0 -
200,000 lux starting from 08.00 - 16.00 WIB. There are three stages of the measurement
process, namely morning, afternoon and evening and the measurement results can be seen
in each table below.
Table 2. Morning Conditions Window is Open.
No
Morning
Condition
Total Lux 60
Observation
Points (Lux)
Large
Window
(m^2)
Lux Enter Window
Open (Lux/m^2)
1
Condition 1
window open
1031,38
5,40
3,18
2
Condition 2
windows open
3248,11
10,80
5,01
3
Condition 3
windows open
9853,00
16,20
10,14
4
Condition 4
windows open
18838,22
21,60
14,54
Table 2 above describes the condition of the open window in the morning. The
measurement results with a total lux of 60 observation points with an average Lux of
17.19, a window area of 5.40m², the lowest total lux of 1031.38 and an entrance Lux of
3.18, the highest Lux result is in the 4th condition, which is Total lux 18838.22 with a
Start
Study Literature
Identification
Problem
Initial walkthrough
Feasibility
Study
Measurement Result
Report
Conclusion &
Suggestions
Lighting
Intensity
Measurement
kriging method
Lux lighting calculation analysis,
lamp point placement, Efficient
% and lamp power (watts)
Finish
Soetjipto Soewono
1
and Ayu Febrina Rizal
2
!
Quality Analysis of Room Natural Lighting Using Spatial Interpolation With
Kriging Method 218
window area of 21.60m² and the incoming lux is 14.54 so the average Lux of the room is
313.97.
Table 3. Daytime Conditions Windows Open.
No
Daytime
Conditions
Total Lux 60
Observation
Points (Lux)
Everage Lux
Room
Large
Window
(M^2)
Lux Enter
Window
Open
(Lux/M^2)
1
Condition 1
Window Open
1606,89
26,78
5,40
4,96
2
Condition 2
Windows Open
3701,33
61,69
10,80
11,42
3
Condition 3
Windows Open
11842,11
197,37
16,20
36,55
4
Condition 4
Windows Open
24434,67
407,24
21,60
75,42
Table 3 above describes the conditions during the day when the windows are open.
The results of the measurement of total lux at 60 points, the lowest average observation
results. Total lux is 1606.89, where Lux room is 26.78 with a window area of 5.40m² Lux
entry is 4.96, the highest result is in the 4th condition, namely Total lux 24434.7 The
average Lux of the room is 407.24, the window area is 21.60 m² and the incoming lux is
75.42.
Table 4. Conditions in The Afternoon The Window is Open.
No
Afternoon
Conditions
Total Lux 60
Observation Points
(Lux)
Everage Lux
Room
Large
Window
(M^2)
Lux Enter
Window
Open
(Lux/M^2)
1
Condition 1
Window Open
1481,56
24,69
5,40
4,57
2
Condition 2
Windows
Open
3569,89
59,50
10,80
11,02
3
Condition 3
Windows
Open
8686,00
144,77
16,20
26,81
4
Condition 4
Windows
Open
22153,00
369,22
21,60
68,37
Table 4 above describes the conditions during the day when the window is open,
the total lux at 60 observation points is the lowest average total lux is 1481.56. The
lowest value of Lux room is 24.69 with a window area of 5.40m², the highest value is in
the 4th condition, namely Total lux is 22153.00 and the Average Lux room is 369.22 with
a window area of 21.60m² lux that enters is 68.37. The graph for measuring the condition
of the open window in the morning, afternoon and evening. with the window area and the
average lux in the room so that it can be seen more clearly in the graph below.
Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 213-227
219 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
Picture 4. Morning Condition Window Open.
Picture 4 above explains the window area for each condition and the average lux
value in one room where the highest lux value is 300 in the morning conditions and the
lowest lux value is 025 in the 1st condition.
Picture 5. Open Window Day Conditions
Picture 5 above describes the highest lux value of 400 in the 4th condition and the lowest
lux value of 025 in the 1st condition.
Picture 6. Conditions in the Evening Window Open.
Morning Condition Measurement Window
Open
Measurement Window Open Daylight
conditions
Window
Area For
Each
Condition
Condition 1
Condition 2
Condition 3
Condition 4
Condition 1
Condition 2
Condition 3
Condition 4
Average
Lux For
One Room
Measurement of Conditions in Afternoon The Windows is Open
Condition 1
Condition 2
Condition 3
Condition 4
Soetjipto Soewono
1
and Ayu Febrina Rizal
2
Quality Analysis of Room Natural Lighting Using Spatial Interpolation With
Kriging Method 220
Picture 6 above explains the highest lux value of 360 in the 4th condition, the
lowest lux value of 025 in the 1st condition.
Lighting Modeling
From the mapping of indoor lighting carried out in every condition with existing
lamps installed, namely the 36 watt TL-D lamp type in the learning room, where the
natural lighting produced is not evenly distributed so it needs additional lighting from
electrical energy. light is turned on. There are several images that are displayed as a result
of mapping the lighting conditions in the morning, afternoon and evening as follows:
Picture 7. Condition of window A+B+C open.
Picture 7 above describes the placement of lighting points and lighting conditions
in the morning when the A+B+C window is open, where the blue light field has not yet
reached the standard, namely – 50 lux - 250 lux, while the green color field for lighting
reaches the standard of 350 lux – 550 lux and in the area of red mixed with yellow, the
lighting exceeds the standard (maximum) i.e. 650 lux – 1350 lux. The Map of
Daylighting conditions is shown in the image below.
Picture 8. Window 3 (window A+B+C opens).
Picture 8 above describes the placement of lighting points and lighting conditions
during the day when the A+B+C window is open, where the blue area of lighting has not
reached the standard, namely – 50 lux - 250 lux, while the green area of lighting reaches
the standard of 350 lux - 550 lux and in the area of red mixed with yellow, the lighting
exceeds the standard (maximum) i.e. 650 lux – 1450 lux. Lighting Map of Afternoon
conditions.
Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 213-227
!
221 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
Picture 9. Window 3 (Window Condition A+B+C is open).
Picture 9 above explains the placement of lighting points and lighting conditions in
the afternoon when the A+B+C window is open, where the blue area of lighting has not
reached the standard, namely – 50 lux - 250 lux, while the green area of lighting reaches
the standard of 350 lux - 550 lux and in the area of red mixed with yellow, the lighting
exceeds the standard (maximum) i.e. 650 lux – 1450 lux. For lighting conditions, 4 open
windows can be seen in Figure 3.19 below, Map of Lighting Conditions in the Morning.
Picture 10. Window 4 ( window A+B+C+D opens).
Picture 10 above describes the placement of lighting points and morning lighting
when the A+B+C+D window is open, where the blue light field has not yet reached the
standard, namely 0 lux - 200 lux, while the green color area for lighting reaches the
standard of 300 lux - 600 lux and at the red mixed yellow color area of the lighting
exceeds the standard (maximum) which is 700 lux – 1700 lux. Map of Daylighting
Conditions.
Soetjipto Soewono
1
and Ayu Febrina Rizal
2
Quality Analysis of Room Natural Lighting Using Spatial Interpolation With
Kriging Method 222
Picture 11. Window 4 ( window A+B+C+D Opens).
Picture 11 above describes the placement of lighting points and daytime lighting
when the A+B+C+D window is open, where the blue area of the lighting has not yet
reached the standard, namely 50 lux - 250 lux, while the green area of the lighting has
reached the standard of 350 lux - 550 lux and in the area of red mixed with yellow the
lighting exceeds the standard (maximum) i.e. 650 lux – 1750 lux. For a map of the
lighting conditions in the afternoon, 4 windows are opened, it can be seen in picture 12
below.
Picture 12. Window 4 (window A+B+C+D Opens).
Picture 12 above describes the placement of light points and morning lighting when
the A+B+C+D window is open, where the blue light field has not yet reached the
standard, namely 50 lux - 250 lux, while the green color area for lighting reaches the
standard of 350 lux – 550 lux and in the area of red mixed with yellow the lighting
exceeds the standard (maximum) i.e. 650 lux – 1750 lux.
Calculation Analysis
Determine the number of light points in the room.
Qualification Unit (cm) Unit (m)
Room Length 1070 cm 10,7 m
Room Wedth 690 cm 6,9 m
Room Area 7383 cm 73,83 m
2
SNI Classroom 250 lumen/m
2
250 lux
Type of lamp installed:
Brand Philips Type TL-D 36 Watt and lamp efficiency: 69 lumen/watt (lm/w), cool day
light 6500 K, the results to determine the capacity and lamp point based on the
calculation analysis using the formula below.
Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 213-227
223 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
N = =
Where ,
A = L x w (area)
∅ = Total lumens produced per 1 lamp
Cu = Utility coefficient (0,5 – 0,7)
LLF = Light Loss Factor ( 0,7 – 0,8)
n = Number of lights at 1 point
1 Point analysis Lights Window 3 opens
1. Determine the number of lighting points in the room with 0 open windows, no
natural lighting (sunlight) coming in based on the area of the room listed in table
5 below.
Table 5. Window condition 0 is open
Qualification
Unit (cm)
Unit (m)
Room Area
7388 cm
73,83 m
SNI Classroom
250 lumen/m
2
250 lux
N = = =
= = = 12 titik
Table 6. Condition of Window 3 Open in The Morning.
Qualification
Unit (cm)
Unit (m)
Room Area
6127 Cm
61,27 m
SNI Classroom
247 lumen/m
2
247 lux
N = = =
= = = 10 titik
Table 7. Window Condition 3 Open During The Day.
Qualification
Unit (cm)
Unit (m)
Room Area
5320 cm
53.20 m
SNI Classroom
236 lumen/m
2
236 lux
N = = =
= = = 9 titik
Table 8. Condition of Window 3 Open in The Afternoon.
Qualfication
Unit (cm)
Unit (m)
Room Area
5320 cm
53.2 m
SNI Classroom
238 lumen/m
2
238 lux
N = =
Soetjipto Soewono
1
and Ayu Febrina Rizal
2
!
Quality Analysis of Room Natural Lighting Using Spatial Interpolation With
Kriging Method 224
= =
= = 9 titik
1. Analyze the light point of Window 4 open
Determine the use of the number of light points in the condition of 4 open
windows, namely A+B+C+D windows in the morning.
Table 9. Window Condition 4 Open In The Morning.
Qualfication
Unit (cm)
Unit (m)
Room Area
2820 cm
28.20 m
SNI Classroom
241 lumen/m
2
241 lux
N = = =
= = = 4 titik
Table 10. Window Condition 4 Open During The Day.
Qualfication
Unit (cm)
Unit (m)
Room Area
1860 cm
18.60 m
SNI Classroom
203 lumen/m
2
203 lux
N = = =
= = = 3 titik
Table 11. Condition of Window 4 Open in The Afternoon.
Qualfication
Unit (cm)
Unit (m)
Room Area
3498cm
34.98 m
SNI Classroom
203 lumen/m
2
203 lux
N = = =
= = = 5 titik
Tables 5-11 above explain the area of the room with the resulting lumen with 3 open
windows, the lights are turned on a maximum of 10 points in the morning conditions and
a minimum of 9 points in the afternoon and evening conditions and 4 open windows
conditions with lights turned on for a maximum of 5 points in the afternoon and evening
conditions. at least 3 points of daylight conditions.
3. Power Energy State Window 3 is open
Energy consumption of lamps in condition of 3 open windows, namely A+B+C windows
in 1
month in the learning room as follows
Consumption of electrical energy in the morning conditions
P = 10 x 36 = 360 watt
= 360 x 8 x 25 = 72.000 Wh = 72 kWh
Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 213-227
225 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
Consumption of electrical energy in daytime conditions
P = 9 x 36 = 324 watt
= 324 x 8 x 25 = 64.800Wh = 64.8 kWh
Consumption of electrical energy in the afternoon conditions
P = 9 x 36 = 324 watt
= 324 x 8 x 25 = 64.800Wh = 64.8 kWh
4. Power Energy State Window 4 is open
Energy consumption of lamps when window 4 is open, i.e. window A+B+C+D in 1
month in the learning room as follows.
Consumption of electrical energy in the morning conditions
P = 4 x 36 = 144 watt
= 144 x 8 x 25 = 28.800 Wh = 28.8 kWh
Consumption of electrical energy in daytime conditions
P = 3 x 36 = 108 watt
= 108 x 8 x 25 = 21.600 Wh = 21.6 kWh
Consumption of electrical energy in the afternoon conditions
P = 5 x 36 = 180 watt
= 180 x 8 x 25 = 36.000 Wh = 36 kWh
Consumption of electrical power for windows 3 open and 4 open in the learning
room, large savings in electrical power are found in window 4 open, namely a maximum
of 36 kWh and a minimum of 21.6 kWh.
5. kWh cost.
The cost of saving electrical energy when the A+B+C+D window is open
where,Power Electrical energy per kWh x Cost.
Morning Condition
W (savings) = W conditions 0 – W conditions calculated
= 86,3 kWh – 28.8 kWh = 57.5 kWh
Electricity Savings cost = Electrical energy x cost per kWh
= 28.8 x 1.433,25 = Rp. 41.227.6
Daytime conditions
W (savings) = W conditions 0 – W conditions calculated
= 86,3 kWh – 21.5 kWh = 64.8 kWh
Electricity Savings cost = Electrical energy x cost per kWh
= 21.5 x 1.433,25 = Rp . 30.814.87
Afternoon conditions
W (savings) = W conditions 0 – W conditions calculated
= 86,3 kWh – 36 kWh = 50.3 kWh
Electricity Savings cost = Electrical energy x cost per kWh
= 36 x 1.433,25 = Rp . 51.597
The cost of kWh when window 4 is open, namely the daytime condition is 21.5
kWh and the cost is RP.30,814.8 and the highest value for the afternoon condition is 36
kWh and the cost is RP.51,597.
6. Efficiency
The intended efficiency is saving on the use of lamps which affect the cost of kWh of
electricity in
the room, because the lighting in the room has been assisted by natural lighting, namely
sunlight.
1. Efficiency of lighting in the morning conditions
Soetjipto Soewono
1
and Ayu Febrina Rizal
2
Quality Analysis of Room Natural Lighting Using Spatial Interpolation With
Kriging Method 226
= 11.67 %
2. Efficiency of lighting in daylight conditions
= 11.75 %
3. Efficiency of lighting in the evening conditions
= 11.58 %
Conclusion*
Lighting is a major need in indoor environments such as homes, offices, hotels,
campuses and other commercial buildings. Data were collected by measuring
(instrument) the lighting in the room, by spatial interpolation using the shower kriging
program method. The steps for measuring the condition of the window are closed,
window 3 is open and window 4 is open, namely in the morning, afternoon and evening.
The results of the measurement (instrument) that window 3 is open in the morning, large
lux minimum -50 – 250 lux, maximum 650 – 1350 lux, minimum daytime -50 – 250 lux,
maximum 650 – 1450 lux and minimum afternoon -50 – 250 lux, maximum 650 – 1450
lux. Then window 4 opens in the morning with a minimum lux of 0 – 200 lux, a
maximum of 700 – 1700 lux, a minimum of 50 – 250 lux during the day, a maximum of
650 – 1750 lux and a minimum of 50 – 250 lux in the afternoon, a maximum of 650 –
1750 lux. the number of light points that are turned on in the condition of the open
windows 3 in the morning 10 points, 4 points during the day and 5 points in the
afternoon. window conditions 4 open in the morning 4 points, 3 points in the afternoon
and 5 points in the afternoon. The average power consumption in 1 month is a maximum
of 36 kWh, a minimum of 21.5 kWh. The resulting fee is a maximum of Rp. 51,597 and a
minimum of Rp. 30,814.87 so that the energy efficiency of electric power reached 11.75
% the highest and the lowest reached 11. 58%.
References!!
Avgoustaki, Dafni Despoina, & Xydis, George. (2021). Energy cost reduction by shifting
electricity demand in indoor vertical farms with artificial lighting. Biosystems
Engineering, 211, 219–229.
Boulanger, Emilie, Loiseau, Nicolas, Valentini, Alice, Arnal, Véronique, Boissery, Pierre,
Dejean, Tony, Deter, Julie, Guellati, Nacim, Holon, Florian, & Juhel, Jean Baptiste.
(2021). Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals and unpacks a biodiversity
conservation paradox in Mediterranean marine reserves. Proceedings of the Royal
Society B, 288(1949), 20210112.
de Vries, Adrie, Heynderickx, Ingrid, Souman, Jan, & de Kort, Yvonne. (2021). Putting
the ceiling center stage–The impact of direct/indirect lighting on room appraisal.
Building and Environment, 107989.
Feng, Feng, Li, Yan, Latimer, Benjamin, Zhang, Chiqian, Nair, Satish S., & Hu,
Volume 3, No. 3, January 2022, pp. 213-227
!
227 http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
Zhiqiang. (2021). Prediction of maximum algal productivity in membrane bioreactors
with a light-dependent growth model. Science of The Total Environment, 753,
141922.
González-Zamar, Mariana Daniela, Jiménez, Luis Ortiz, & Ayala, Adoración Sánchez.
(2021). Design and Validation of a Questionnaire on Influence of the University
Classroom on Motivation and Sociability. Education Sciences, 11(4), 183.
Lee, Jinhyung, Irwin, Nicholas, Irwin, Elena, & Miller, Harvey J. (2021). The Role of
Distance‐Dependent Versus Localized Amenities in Polarizing Urban Spatial
Structure: A Spatio‐Temporal Analysis of Residential Location Value in Columbus,
Ohio, 2000–2015. Geographical Analysis, 53(2), 283–306.
Li, Hanlin, Wu, Dan, Yuan, Yanping, & Zuo, Lijun. (2021). Evaluation methods of the
daylight performance and potential energy saving of tubular daylight guide systems:
A review. Indoor and Built Environment, 1420326X21992419.
Mahmoud, Muhammad M. A. S. (2021). Economic Applications for LED Lights in
Industrial Sectors. In Light-Emitting Diodes-Exciting Progress and Future
Directions. IntechOpen.
Ndaaru, James K. (2021). Road Lighting Energy Reduction Through Transition From
Hps Lamps to Leds and Dimming a Case Study of Uganda Street, Merkato, Addis
Ababa. University of Nairobi.
Nicastro, Fabrizio, Sironi, Giorgia, Antonello, Elio, Bianco, Andrea, Biasin, Mara,
Brucato, John R., Ermolli, Ilaria, Pareschi, Giovanni, Salvati, Marta, & Tozzi,
Paolo. (2021). Solar UV-B/A radiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-
CoV-2. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–11.
Noviani, Ratna, & Jesica, Elok Santi. (2021). Selling Spectacular Urban Life: Urban
Space and Lifestyle in the Promotion Media of Apartment in Yogyakarta. Journal of
Urban Society’s Arts, 8(1), 36–48.
Sanders, Dirk, Frago, Enric, Kehoe, Rachel, Patterson, Christophe, & Gaston, Kevin J.
(2021). A meta-analysis of biological impacts of artificial light at night. Nature
Ecology & Evolution, 5(1), 74–81.
Setiati, T. W., & Budiarto, A. (2021). Optimization of lighting design in classroom for
visual comfort (Case Study: Universitas Tridinanti Palembang Tower). IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 738(1), 12035. IOP
Publishing.
Wei, Zuotao. (2021). Research on the Construction of Green and Environmental
Protection Modern Gymnasium. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1802(2),
22050. IOP Publishing.
Wu, Peihao, Zhou, Jun, & Li, Nan. (2021). Influences of atrium geometry on the lighting
and thermal environments in summer: CFD simulation based on-site measurements
for validation. Building and Environment, 197, 107853.
Copyright*holder*:*
*6789:;86(*67<6=6
1"
>=?(#@A(,7BC:=>(-:D>E
2
((
FGHGIJ
"
First*publication*right*:*
57K68:6=(L(M6AC=>E(6N(-7O7>CPQ(>=?(R6SSA=:8@(*7CK:P7(
This*article*is*licensed*under:*