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ANALYSIS OF HEAT TREATMENT RESULTS OF
Ti6Al7Nb FOR APPLICATION AS TOTAL HIP
ARTHROPLASTY COMPONENT MATERIAL
Nandang Suhendra
1
, Harun Setiawan
2
, Henny Purwati
3
, Lukmana
4
National Agency for Research and Innovation (BRIN) Republic of Indonesia
(KST Prof. Dr.ing. Ir. H. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, FREng., Jl. Raya Puspiptek,, Tangerang Selatan
Banten, Indonesia 15314)Nandang Suhendra
1
, Harun Setiawan
2
, Henny Purwati
3
, Lukmana
4
E-mail: nandang.suh[email protected]
1
, hruns@yahoo.co.id
2
, henny.purwati81@gmail.com
3
,
Lukmana2121@gmail.com
4
Corresponding author: nandang.suhendra@brin.go.id
KEYWORDS
Ti6Al7Nb,
Heat treatment
Total Hip Arthroplasty
Thermal History.
ABSTRACT
This research is a literature study on Ti-6Al-7Nb material after having heat
treatment. This study aims to analyze the results of selected articles
reporting the effect of Ti-6Al-7Nb heat treatment. The research method
used in this literature study is a qualitative descriptive method. Only
several article results from analyses were reviewed that meet the
requirement for implementation for future research topics related to
materials for total hip arthroplasty. Data sources are obtained through
library research techniques (literature study), which refers mainly to online
sources, such as scientific journals, websites, and news from trusted
sources. The results concluded that materials preparation techniques, heat
treatment methods, and results analysis reported in those articles should be
appropriate in this paper review. It was suggested from the literature that
we need to anticipate that the martensitic phase does not cause significant
changes in the Titanium alloys' properties. Moreover, the heat treatment
-type Titanium alloys is ineffective; namely, the heat
-type Titanium alloys.
The heat trea
INTRODUCTION
Heat treatment is a process of heating and cooling materials to reach
expected physical, mechanical, and tribological properties (Banerjee, 2017).
The heat treatment of metals and alloys aims at changing microstructures,
including changing the defective metallic crystal structure, change in chemical
composition, and degree of order (Banerjee, 2017). The changes mentioned
above bring the purpose and the chosen thermal treatment of metals and alloys
to improve (Banerjee, 2017):
a) physical properties by refining grain sizes, reducing porosity, electrical,
and magnetical properties;
b) chemical properties, especially in respect of corrosion resistance;
Volume 3, Number 9, July 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-6068 and p-ISSN: 2777-0915
e-ISSN: 2797-6068 and p-ISSN: 2777-0915
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c) mechanical properties, internal stresses removal, and machineability;
d) tribological properties, materials' surface properties, especially in respect
of wear rate and wear volume release from contacting surfaces;
e) other unique material functionalities include transformation-induced
plasticity and the metamagnetic shape memory effect.
Poor tribological properties such as high friction coefficient, low abrasive
wear resistance, and relatively low hardness are the most significant obstacles
hindering the broader use of titanium-based alloys and limiting their
applications under sliding conditions and contact loads (Suhendra, et al., 2009;
S. Izman). Therefore, to improve the tribological properties of titanium alloys,
various methods have been applied to improve resistance to abrasive wear
(Sandomierski, et al., 2020) and plastic shearing (Borgioli, et al., 2005).
Moreover, surface coatings may also improve or modify tribological properties
by changing surface layers' microstructure (Kilicay, et al., 2020).
Thermochemical treatments improved the wear resistance of Titanium Alloy
using thermal oxidation. Although this is a low-cost processing route for wear
performance enhancement, it suffers limitations like other processes such as
nitriding and boriding (Kilicay, et al., 2020). Recently, a new processing route
for a lower-grade titanium alloy has been developed (Alcisto, et al., 2004;
Borradaile, et al., 1980; Narayana, et al., 2010; M. Peters, et al., 2003).
However, up to now, many efforts have only been dedicated to evaluating the
addition. However, very few studies have been systematically conducted to
evaluate the tribological behaviour -type Ti-6Al
alloy with Nb addition (Fellah, et al., 2014).
Heat treatment application to Ti-6Al-7Nb material, as mentioned above,
comes from the purposes of the manufacturing process's background and the
material's production purpose. Titanium alloys of this type are generally used as
materials for biomaterial applications. Titanium alloys as bone implants require
excellent biocompatibility, osseointegration, and non-toxicity. Apart from the
above-mentioned, materials used in total hip arthroplasty require corrosion
resistance and mechanical and tribological properties (Fellah, et al., 2014;
. Therefore, in discussing this literature review, the author
tries to figure out the various methods of the titanium manufacturing process in
general, then find out the effectiveness of heat treatment related to the phases of
titanium alloys. Furthermore, studying the stages of heat treatment work and
strategies to get the expected results, including avoiding things that can be
detrimental during the heat treatment process. Of course, all information is
extracted from information published by researchers in their field.
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The analysis of the heat treatment results leads to changes in the
material's microstructure, such as grain size, grain shape, cavity size, and
surface morphology. All of the above information relates to changes in physical
and mechanical properties and even tribological properties. This information
will be beneficial as a guide and reference in our current research work. To
produce Titanium alloys, according to Hamweendo Agripa, and Ionel Botef
(Agripa, et al., 2018), there are three groups of methods: the conventional,
advanced and future strategies. Powder metallurgy (PM) is categorised as a
conventional sintering method (Tsutsui, 2022; James, 2015). In this method,
the mixture of feedstock titanium powder with alloying elements using a
suitable powder blender is performed, followed by compaction under high
pressure and finally sintered. Advanced production methods use technological
methods to improve the processes with the relevant technology to reach better
product quality. These technologies are developed conventional techniques to
achieve various titanium base alloys and aluminides components (Soliman, et
al., 2022). The most widely used cutting-edge method for the production of
titanium alloys is atomisation processes (Agripa, et al., 2018). The future
methods for producing titanium alloys depend on the demand for these products
and to what extent nature will be able to provide them . (Agripa, et al., 2018)
Roughly there are five groups of Titanium, and its alloys can be
Titanium exhibits different crystalline lattices at different temperatures. It is
called an allotropic material. The p
transforms to a body-
o
remains at this phase until reaching the melting point of 1,668
o
C (Gilbert and
Shannon, 1991). Alloying elements in Titanium, concerning the allotropic
Depending on the material's response to the heat treating temperature and
the alloying elements, the alloys of Titanium can be classified into the following
three types (Agripa, et al., 2018):
1. The alpha (α) alloys
-stabilizing alloying elements with a large amount,
such as Aluminium, oxygen, nitrogen or carbon. Aluminium is widely used as
the alpha stabilizer for most commercial titanium alloys because it is capable of
withstanding the alloy at ambient and elevated temperatures up to about 550°C.
This capability, coupled with its lightweight, makes Aluminium an additional
benefit over other alloying elements such as copper and molybdenum. However,
the Aluminium amount added should be limited because a brittle titanium-
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Aluminium compound could occur if it reaches 8% or more by weight of
Aluminium. Adding oxygen to pure titanium can increase the strength of
Titanium alloy as the oxygen level rises. The non-
alloys is its disadvantage. However, these Titanium types are generally
weldable and have low to medium strength, good notch toughness, reasonably
good ductility and good properties at cryogenic temperatures. The addition of
appreciable solubility in both alpha and beta phases, and as their addition does
not markedly influence the transformation temperature, they are generally
classified as neutral additions. Like Aluminium, tin and zirconium are alloying
elements, and the hardening at ambient temperature is retained even at elevated
temperatures (Agripa, et al., 2018).
2. The alpha-beta (α-β) titanium alloys
-phase stabilizer elements
such as molybdenum, silicon, tantalum, tungsten, and vanadium. These
-phase in the metal matrix, strengthening
these alloys by precipitation hardening, and are heat treatable. Solution
-phase content mechanical
-
alloy is the Ti-6Al-4V with 6 and 4% by weight Aluminium and vanadium,
respectively. This alloy of titanium is about half of all titanium alloys produced.
-phase stabilizer and hardener in these alloys due to
its solution strengthening effect. The vanadium stabi -phase,
providing hot workability to the alloy (Agripa, et al., 2018).
3. The beta (β) titanium alloys
chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium,
tantalum, vanadium, and zirconium. Apart from reducing the resistance to
stabilizer confers a heat treatment capability that permits significant
strengthening during the heat treatment process (Agripa, et al., 2018).
Ti-6Al-7Nb ALLOY PRODUCTION
Powder metallurgy methods are generally used to produce Ti-6Al-7Nb.
The most common forms are hot pressing, metal injection mouldering, and
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blending and pressing. In the production of Ti-6Al-7Nb, a sintering temperature
between 900-1400
o
C is usually used (Figure 1) (Hamweendo, et al., 2016).
The three types of mixed powder, Ti, Al, and Nb, were used in producing Ti-
6Al-7Nb alloys by using the metal injection moulding process. The production
methods of Ti-6Al-7Nb are
1. pre-alloyed powder by mixing Ti and Al-Nb powders,
2. the mixture of Ti, Ti-Al alloy, and Nb powders, and
3. Mixing of elemental powders of Ti, Al, and Nb.
Figure 1: Powder metalurgy process (Hamweendo, et al., 2016)
The first and second methods produce higher density and mechanical properties
than the third powder mixture. The third method showed many large pore
formations resulting from the Aluminium particle dissolution during the
sintering steps. The mixture of Ti+Al-Nb or Ti+Ti-Al+Nb powders produces
compacted material with elongation of above 10% with a tensile strength of
above 800 MPa. The processing of this alloy using powder metallurgy allows
the preparation of parts with complex geometry, which is probably less
expensive. Samples of this alloy were obtained from the uniaxial hot pressing of
the elemental powders in a vacuum. The pressing was carried out in the
temperature range 10001500°C with pressures from 10 to 25 MPa.
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Figure 2: Typical SEM image of Ti-Al-Nb alloys at the α-β phase (Suhendra, 2022)
Figure 2 shows the typical surface morphology of the Ti-Al-Nb alloy, where
, es are recognised from their shapes. The gold colour indicates
alloy composition of Ti-6Al-7Nb.
Figure 3: Calculated Phase Diagram for TiAlNb (Stępień, et al., 2016)
Figure 3 shows the calculated phase diagram for Ti-Al-Nb, where the alloy
composition of Ti-6Al-7Nb is located at the area as pointed out by the arrow
near the peak of the rectangular phase diagram.
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Ti-6Al-7Nb HEAT TREATMENTS
The heat treatment of Titanium alloys aims to reduce residual stress
developed during fabrication. It can produce an optimum combination of
ductility, machinability, and dimensional and structural stability. The treatment
also purposes increase strength; optimize unique properties such as fracture
toughness, fatigue strength, and high-temperature creep strength [ref]. The
research beginning from the literature study aims to obtain insight from reported
articles relevant to our future research topics. In several studies found in online
sources, such as scientific journals, websites, and news from trusted sources,
ed. It is because of the research
relevancy, and they could represent other articles we found on the websites. The
rest of the articles we cited are relevant for enriching our knowledge in this
topic area.
The heat treatment, found by Sarcombe (Sarcombe, et al., 2008),
consisted of a moderate cooling rate after solution treatment at 1,055°C (above
the ß transus) producing a homogeneous structure with a morphology that
depended on the post-solution treatment cooling rate. The cooling method
following the Ti-6Al-7Nb heat treatment is closely related to the microstructure,
and the microstructure after furnace cooling is larger than that after air cooling
(Sarcombe, et al., 2008).
The properties of materials are dependent upon their structural aspects.
The structures may be of different scales of magnitude, from macrostructure to
atomic structure. In general, heat treatment of metals and alloys concerns the
change in microstructure (Banerjee, 2017). Gallego et al. investigated the effect
of equal channel angular pressing on Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy's microstructure after
implementing the thermomechanical process on the Ti-6Al-7Nb. The
microstructure consists of ultrafine grains ranging from 200 to 400 nm. There
was also some evidence of grains with unfavourable orientation to deformation.
These grains potentially act as rigid bodies and concentrate the deformation in
their surrounding areas as an "open-die grain" mechanism. They also stated that
such a deformation mechanism could be attributed to the differences in the
plastic behaviour between the alpha and beta titanium phases (Gallego, et al.,
2012). The alloying elements affect the structure and properties of titanium
alloy. In Titanium alloys, in addition to the type of alloying elements, the
microstructure possessed by Titanium alloys affects the performance of the
material, through a mechanical process followed by heat treatment, the
microstructure of the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy can be controlled and varied. The
process mentioned above is also called the thermomechanics process (Sutowo,
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et al., 2017). Titanium alloy has four typical microstructure characteristics:
equiaxed, basket, dual-phase, and widmanstatten structure. Different phase
transformations form different microstructures leading to the various
mechanical properties (Damisih, et al., 2018). For example, the plasticity and
fatigue strength will change correspondingly as the content variation for
-phase alloy. However, the widmanstatten microstr
cture with high fracture toughness and high section shrinkage should be avoided
as much as possible due to its poor plasticity and corrosion resistance.
Furthermore, the strength and plasticity of the equiaxed and the dual-phase
structure are better than those of the lamellar structure (Gallego, et al., 2012).
At this stage, which is the core of the discussion in this literature review,
the results of the data discussion and analysis of heat treatment carried out by
several authors are presented. The purpose of heat treatment on Titanium alloys,
especially Ti-6Al-7Nb, each experimental step and the research results are
explained here in tabulated form. The goal of tabulating the analysis results
related to this heat treatment is to facilitate the identification of the effectiveness
of the repair work on the Ti-6Al-7Nb material using heat treatment. It was
reported, for instance, that the analysis results on Ti-6Al-6Nb Titanium alloy
through solution treatment with different temperature variations gives results
(Gallego, et al., 2012):
The microstructure of the solution treatment results is primer equiaxial in
the matrix; the difference is the grain size formed. The higher the solution
treatment temperature, the larger the grains formed.
The largest grain size was owned by the sample that underwent solution
The higher the solution treatment temperature, the strength of the Ti-6Al-
6Nb alloy decreased due to the larger grains produced and the less intensity
of the phase. In addition, the high strength of air cooling is not due to the
formation of martensite but because the phase has enough time to change to
phase.
Another example of a heat treatment procedure reported in the literature
is that the heat-treated specimens in a tubular shape of the furnace, and the
furnace temperature accuracy was controlled to within ±2
o
C. The specimens
were introduced at room temperature and heat treated along with the furnace to
the required temperature. Some different heat treatments were given to the
specimen cut from the rolled sheet. After one hour, the specimens were cooled
at various rates, water quenching, air-cooling and slow furnace cooling. The
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heat treatments were carried out in an inert argon atmosphere. The water-
quenched and air-cooled specimens were subjected to ageing treatment in the
open-air furnace at 550
o
C for 4 hours.
The heat treatment process of the Ti-6Al-7Nb and analysis results are
summarized in Table 1 below.
Table 1: The effect of heat treatment temperatures on phase transformation,
grain size and shape changes, and mechanical/ tribological properties
variation
Heat Treatment Methods
Change in Phase /
Microstructure
Affect on
Mechanical/
Tribologicsl
Properties
The Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy specimens
were heated to 970
o
C, soaked for 1
hour, cooled in water or oil at 20
o
C,
and ageing at a temperature of 450
and 650
o
C for 5 hours. Specimens
were air cooled after ageing .
There is phase
transformation/ There is a
change in grain size
Change in mech
properties (Hv)
Affect tribological
behaviour
Three solution temperatures (namely
850
o
C, 930
o
C and 950
o
C) were used.
A solution annealing in the
+ phase field followed
by ageing was carried out.
Hardness:
Wear resistance:
Raw materials were used for melting
consisted of titanium sponge, and
aluminum-niobium master alloy
(6%Al-7%Nb). The ingot was
obtained in the form of pancake of
600 gm in weight (as cast alloy). The
ingot was subjected to deformation
(hot rolling) in the in + phase
field (950
o
C) (Ajeel, et al., 2007)
Hot rolling of Ti-6Al7Nb
alloy at 950
o
C shows
microstructure consisted of
globular and acicular a
grains (white grains) within
a transformed matrix
containing equiaxial grains
(dark grains)
N/A
Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, the heating rate
was 20/30 (K/min); the samples were
heat treated under vacuum; samples
were single solution treated (SST) at
930
o
C for 1h, heated 830
o
C for 2 h;
Specimens received a precipitation
treatment (Ppt) for 6 h at 600
o
C
(Fityan, et al., 2017)
-phase became a little
coarser after double solution
treatment. No martensite
was
-phase
The solution
treatment could
improve the
hardness and wear
resistance of the
alloy
Hot rolling of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy at
950
o
C shows microstructure
consisted of globular and acicular
grains (white grains) within -
The XRD analysis of Ti-
6Al-7Nb alloy shows a
slight change in the 2 value
of phase reflections of Ti-
The mechanical
properties of these
alloys are very
sensitive to the
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Heat Treatment Methods
Change in Phase /
Microstructure
Affect on
Mechanical/
Tribologicsl
Properties
transformed matrix containing
equiaxial grains (dark grains). In the
region where deformation
was intense, the microstructure of
was elongated with flow lines and
this is also confirmed by (Ajeel, et
al., 2007).
6Al-7Nb alloy, heat
treatment in + region
resulted in recrystallization
of the into an equiaxed
morphology designated as
primary in transformed .
microstructure. The
XRD analysis of Cp
Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and
Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys
indicates the
presence of a and
phases
Ti-6Al-6Nb Titanium alloy was
preserved by heat and solution
treatment with different temperature
variations: below T
(850
o
C), close
to T
(950
o
C), and above T
(1050
o
C)
with a holding time of 1-hour air
cooling (Sutowo, et al., 2017).
The Ti-6Al-6Nb alloy
appears to have two phases:
and . The is
lamellar in shape; between
these lamellar structures,
there is a phase. In grains
containing the prior phase,
colonies of and phases
are formed, having
lamellar with the same
crystallographic orientation.
Hardness:
Wear resistance:
Selective Laser Melting, Solution
treatment at 955°C (below the ß
transus), and
Solution treatment was performed at
1,055°C (above the ß transus)
(Sercombe, et al., 2008)
' martensitic structure in a
metastable ß matrix/ a
homogeneous structure was
produced, with a
morphology that depended
on the post-solution
treatment cooling rate.
N/A
SUMMARY
The heat treatment results for three different Ti-6Al-7Nb production
methods have been studied. Some researchers reported that heat treatment
methods manipulated the microstructure in a Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy by reducing the
amount of porosity contained in the materials. From this result, the source of
preferential crack nucleation and propagation can be minimized; moreover,
factors that are the potential to induce the reduction of the fatigue life span can
be avoided.
The heat treatment of titanium demonstrated significantly reduced
residual stresses. Moreover, heat treatment provides an ideal combination of
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ductility, machinability and structural stability. It is due to the differences in
its influences on the fatigue
fraction, and distribution of titanium alloys can be controlled by adjusting the
temperature, time, and rates in the heat treatment process.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to the institution that houses the
researchers, namely the National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of
Indonesia, which has made the institution a shelter for researchers and
innovators in carrying out their duties to create and apply research and
innovation results to make Indonesia more advanced. Thanks are also conveyed
to the THA and biocompatible team, who have worked together to improve the
quality of research results so that they can be applied in the industry.
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