Ni Made Ayu Gemuh Rasa Astiti | http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
852
THE REASONS OF FARMERS MARKETING AND THE
MOTIVATION OF FARMERS TO MAINTAIN BALI
COWARDS IN THE COVID-19 ERA
Ni Made Ayu Gemuh Rasa Astiti
Warmadewa University , Indonesia
Email: ayugemuh@gmail.com
KEYWORDS
Reason,
Covid-19,
Bali Cattle Bakalan
ARTICLE INFO
Accepted:
June 25
th
2022
Revised:
July 5
th
2022
Approved:
July 14
th
2022
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 has damaged the world economy, including the economy of farmers. So
that farmers survive the waves of Covid-19, many farmers sell cattle. The habit of
farmers who sell their feeder livestock when they need large funds, so the price of
feeder cattle sold is relatively cheap, because it determines the price is in an
intermediary trader (blantik). The purpose of this study is to determine the causes
of breeders who sell their feeder cattle and to analyze the marketing channel of
feeders. This research is exploratory research through qualitative and quantitative
combinations and combinations. This study was conducted on feeder cattle
breeders who had sold their feeder cattle in Sembung Village, Mengwi, Badung.
The study location was chosen intentionally (purposive sampling). The research
instrument or measurement instrument used as an interview guide to help get
answers from respondents is a structured and closed questionnaire that is equipped
with open questions. The conclusion of this study is the tendency of farmers to sell
their feeder cattle because of the need for school fees for children 30%, traditional
ceremonial fees (marriage, odalan, dental slaughtering) 13.75%. Home repair
costs 12.50%, medical costs 15%and daily consumption costs 28.75%. .
Meanwhile: Farmers' motivation to increase cattle is for family savings by
41.25%, the use of agricultural waste is 22.50%, utilizing 23.75% from leisure
time and increasing family income by 12.50% by increasing income that leads to
welfare family.
INTRODUCTION
Bali is one of the centers for Bali cattle breeding. Bali cattle are native Indonesian
cattle. Cows as a source of meat and seeds. A more efficient Bali feeder cattle marketing
system will be able to provide higher prices for farmers (Hadini, Abadi, & Anggoro, 2022).
Thus, a more efficient marketing system must absolutely be considered, so that cattle farms
are able to provide additional higher income for farmers. This increase in income will
encourage them to raise more cattle. In addition, it will encourage farmers to carry out
maintenance in a better way so as to improve the quality of the cattle produced. This will
indirectly increase the cattle population in Bali as desired by the government.
The COVID-19 situation that has hit the world, including the livestock sector, has
resulted in many breeders having to sell their favorite livestock to meet their daily needs and
to survive in a healthy way without being exposed to Covid and children's education
continues through during so that they need tools in the form of laptops and quotas. so that
many farmers sell their livestock and only farmers can survive through the sale of their
livestock (Astiti & Azizah, 2019).
Facts on the ground show that the income earned by farmers is still far from
expectations. The price received by farmers is still relatively very low, so the farmer's share is
also low. According to research results (Amato et al., nd) , farmers only receive a share of
about 63-69% of the price at the end consumer. If we look at the benefits, cattle farming does
Volume 3, Number 9, July 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-6068 and p-ISSN: 2777-0915
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[ The Reasons Of Farmers Marketing And The Motivation Of
Farmers To Maintain Bali Cowards In The Covid-19 Era]
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not provide a decent profit if we take into account all the sacrifices incurred (Novra, 2022) .
The results of the financial analysis on the fattening cattle business that was carried out
showed that the cattle in Bali did not provide them with a decent profit, but rather a loss, if all
the sacrifices of farmers in production were calculated with money (including the cost of
seeds, forage feed, concentrate feed, medicines, labor). employment, land rent, and
depreciation).
Such business conditions lead to a weak bargaining position of farmers in the Bali
cattle marketing system and are often exploited by cattle traders / dealers / middlemen
(Ramadhan, Suryawan, & Sukana, 2022) . In an effort to increase the income of livestock
farmers, an effective way is needed to improve the marketing system; One of the efforts to
improve the Bali cattle marketing system is to change the farmer-livestock mindset. Keeping
Bali cattle is not only a savings, but more as a business with a steady income every month. To
further strengthen their bargaining position, livestock-farmers must be included in an
institution that coordinates livestock-farmers as an upstream power, especially in competition
with organizations of cattle buyers/traders (Meshack, 2015). The selling price of Bali cattle,
by livestock farmers, needs to be increased by cutting the Bali cattle trade system so that
marketing cost efficiency can be achieved. Based on the problems above, it is necessary to do
research
The purpose of this study was to find out the reasons why farmers sell Balinese feeder
cattle and find out the motivation of farmers to keep Bali feeder cattle.
METHOD RESEARCH
This research is an exploratory research through a survey which is designed as an
explanatory research design because it intends to explain the relationship between the
independent variable and the dependent variable (Astiti & Azizah, 2019). This research is a
combination of qualitative and quantitative with the main approach used in problem solving
in this study is a quantitative approach, the quantitative approach is a systems approach
(system approach), which in this approach is in accordance with reality (real system),
This research was conducted on farmers who have sold their feeder cattle in Sembung
Village, Mengwi Badung, Bali. The research location was chosen intentionally (purposive
sampling. This research was carried out from March to August 2021.
The types of data used in this study can be divided into two, Qualitative Data: This data
includes ideas, views, and problems faced by Balinese cattle breeders in Bali in terms of
marketing, as well as views and ideas from cattle traders, belantik and the government
(Department of Agriculture and Food Crops Province of Bali). Quantitative Data: This data is
in the form of reasons farmers sell their feeder cattle and the motivation of farmers to market
and maintain bali feeder cattle (Astiti, Rukmini, Rejeki, & Balia, 2019).
Sources of data used in this study can be divided into three, namely: primary data used in
this study obtained directly at the research site by interview methods on bali cattle farms,
experts, and the government and Bali cattle marketing actors (Astiti, Suparta, Lanang Oka, &
Antara, 2016). The secondary data used in this study was sourced from recording data, costs
and production of Bali cattle in Bali. Primary data were obtained from direct observation of
activities and conducting interviews with farmers using an instrument in the form of a
questionnaire or a list of questions that were prepared beforehand in accordance with the
research objectives.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Reasons for farmers to market cows
The main reason for farmers to market their cows is because of the need for funds.
The need for living costs is increasing day by day, including: school fees for children,
especially equipment to take lessons online and the purchase of Kouta (Sutawi, 2022). Other
money costs include the cost of the ceremony, the cost of repairing the house and the cost of
daily consumption. Covid-19 has changed people's lifestyles, to survive only the agricultural
sector is able to support the lives of farmers which causes respondents to sell their cows
(Astiti, n.d.). Of the 80 respondents interviewed, 30% stated that the respondent's motive for
selling cows was because the children's school fees needed, especially the purchase of laptops
and wifi installation as well as the purchase of quotas in order to continue the learning
process, even though the 9-year compulsory school fees had been waived by the government,
but because at that time Research in 2021, we are being hit by the Covid-19 outbreak so that
many employees are laid off, especially hotel employees, restaurants where we know Bali
lives from the tourism sector. Covid-19 has resulted in many farmers selling their livestock
(Arumsari & Yosintha, 2021).
The main reason respondents sell cows is dominated by school fees of 30%. This is
because of the awareness of the respondents to send their children to a higher level of
education and during covid-19 the children need equipment such as laptops, wifi and quotas
so that the sons and daughters of farmers can take part in learning through During
(Mafimisebi, Bobola, & Mafimisebi, 2013). The second reason is because the need for daily
consumption costs is 28.75%, the high percentage of farmers' daily needs as a result of many
farmer families being laid off from their jobs without severance pay so many families return
to their hometowns and sell valuable assets such as cattle in order to survive. in the Covid-19
Era. Human life requires money, as long as there is no income or livelihood that can sustain
human life, then humans will sell all their assets to survive (Astiti, 2021).
The third motivation that encourages farmers to sell their livestock is the cost of
medical treatment from the farmer's family by 15%. This is because in the era of covid-19 all
farmers want to live healthy and avoid Covid-19 so that farmers provide funds to buy
vitamins, masks, soap and others to avoid covid-19 (Bhat, Gull, & Jeelani, 2020). resulting in
costs for traditional ceremonies such as (marrying children, piodalan, holiday celebrations
and otonan grandchildren) as much as 13.75%. Traditional ceremonies in Bali are very often
carried out including celebrations for Galungan, Kuningan, Piodalan at environmental
temples such as Puseh Temple, Desa Temple and Dalem Temple, Saka New Year
celebrations (nyepi), weddings and others, despite the Covid-19 atmosphere of this ceremony.
continue to take place by implementing Health protocols such as providing a place for
washing hands at the ceremony venue, using masks and providing distance when sitting at the
event venue (Arniati, Wahyuni, & Yudari, 2021). All traditional ceremonies in Bali cost a lot
of money so that cows that should still be able to be reared so that they are more mature and
cost more, have to be sold to get the funds needed. Traditional ceremonies in Bali require
high costs, to support the financing, farmers usually sell their livestock, the cattle that are
most often used as savings which can be sold at any time are cows.
The other motive for marketing cows is because of the need for 12.50% house repair
costs and 15% for medical expenses. Breeders realize how important it is to maintain health
in this covid-19 era, no matter how rich and smart humans are but when sick, all wealth and
intelligence cannot be used and enjoyed, this awareness makes the need for medical expenses
puts in third place in table 1(Walker, 2022).
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Table 1. Reasons for Breeders to Market Beef Cattle in the Covid-19 Era
No.
Reasons to Market Cow
because of necessity
Amount
Percent
(person)
(%)
1
School fees
24
30.00
2
Traditional Ceremony Fee
1 1
13.75
3
Home Improvement Cost
10
12.50
4
Cost of treatment
12
15.00
5
Daily Consumption Cost
23
28.75
TOTAL
8 0
100
Figure 1.
Reasons for Breeders to Market Beef Cattle in the Covid-19 Era
Source: Results of the 2021 questionnaire analysis.
Farmers must be healthy to survive, if farmers are not healthy of course who will feed
their livestock and livestock is very dependent on farmers because the livestock rearing
system in the current era is intensive, which means that all livestock needs such as feed and
drinking water are always available (Arifin, 2010). nd)
2. Breeders' motivation to raise Bali cattle
Feeder cattle are bulls that are kept to be fattened and can be sold at any time (Muhtar,
Junaedi, & Hastuti, 2022) . Cattle rearing is very simple and cows are able to turn grass into
meat. Bali cattle farming has an important role in achieving the Beef Self-Sufficiency
Program. The main focus in a livestock business is the level of profit. The level of profit
obtained by farmers, greatly determines the development of livestock and the efficiency of
the livestock business, the greater the profit obtained, the lower the efficiency rate (Abidin,
2022) . Livestock business is a potential that can be developed in rural areas because it is able
to provide additional income for farmers and absorb labor. People's livestock plays a major
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role in the development of the livestock sub-sector because this business is the largest portion
of all national livestock businesses. The increase in livestock production is aimed at meeting
the food needs of the community and at the same time increasing the income of farmers and
their families (Paramesh et al., 2022).
Some of the motivations of farmers in raising Bali feeder cattle include: as family
savings 41.25%, utilization of agricultural waste 22.50%, utilizing 23.75% free time and
increasing family income by 12.50% by increasing family income which leads to family
welfare, Table 2.
Table 2. Motivation for Breeders to keep Cattle in the Covid-19 era
No.
Motivation to raise cows
will
Amount
Percent
(person)
(%)
1
Family Savings
33
41.25
2
Utilization of Agricultural Waste
1 8
22.50
3
Take advantage of free time
19
23.75
4
Increase Family Income
10
12.50
TOTAL
8 0
100
Figure 2.
Motivation for Breeders to keep Cattle in the Covid-19 era
Source: Results of the 2021 questionnaire analysis
The high motivation of breeders in raising bali feeder cattle is because there is a
desire to have family savings which at any time or when high costs are needed, bali feeder
cattle are easily sold either through belantik (traders who come to the farmer's cage) or
farmers bring their livestock directly to the nearest animal market. In addition to that, raising
Bali cattle is very easy and does not require high costs in its maintenance, it is enough to have
enough energy to mow the grass (Rasa, 2019). Bali cattle are like a meat factory capable of
turning grass into meat. Bali cattle are also rarely affected by disease, so the losses in raising
cattle are very small.
Family Savings
Utilization of
Agricultural Waste
Take advantage of
free time
Increase Family
Income
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CONCLUSION
The conclusions obtained from this research are, the tendency of breeders to sell their
feeder cows is due to the need for 30% of their children's school fees, the cost of traditional
ceremonies (wedding, odalan, tooth cutting) 13.75%. house repair costs 12.50%, medical
expenses 15% and daily consumption costs 28.75%. The motivation of farmers to raise Bali
feeder cattle is as a family savings of 41.25%, utilization of agricultural waste 22.50%,
utilizing 23.75% of free time and increasing family income by 12.50% by increasing income
which leads to family welfare.
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