[ Antibiotics Resistance in Poultry and its Solution]
http://devotion.greenvest.co.id|Abdul Samad
spectrum and are effective against a variety of bacterial and fungal organisms (Tiwari et al,
2009). Numerous biological aspects (plant species, growth environment, and harvest stage),
industrial procedures (extraction/distillation), and storage environment all affect the
antibacterial property (temperature, light, oxygen level and time). Identification and
measurement of the many actions and claims claiming to improve feed efficiency and the
health status of poultry birds are still under investigation. The structural conformation of the
active components and their concentration both affect the antibacterial capability of essential
oils. Currently, attention is growing in herbs that aim to impair bacterial quorum sensing
(Goossens, 2016).
Essential oils like thymol and carvacrol have been extensively examined for their
antimicrobial properties against a variety of bacteria including L. monocytogenes, S.
Typhimurium, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Karapinar & Aktug, 1986; Tassou et al, 1995;
Dhama et al., 2015a). Cinnamon oil contains cinnamic aldehyde, which has been reported to
have antibacterial effects against a variety of bacteria including L. monocytogenes, C. jejuni,
and S. enteritidis (Smith-Palmer et al, 1998). Numerous studies on the antibacterial and
antifungal properties of eugol, an ingredient in clove essential oil, have been conducted
(Deans et al., 1995; Smith-Palmer et al., 1998). It has been discovered that adding EOs to
chicken feed improves broiler feed efficiency and body weight (Cross et al., 2002; Bampidis
et al., 2005; Cabuk et al., 2006). Similar to this, feeding turmeric powder boosts the immune
system by increasing circulatory antioxidant defense (Madpouly et al., 2011). Similar to this,
it has been discovered that adding garlic to feed at a level of 3% improves the growth and
performance of broiler chicks (Elagib et al., 2013). Blends of several essential oils, such as
lemon, basil, oregano, tea, etc., increased body weight gain in broilers and increased egg
production with greater feed conversion efficiency in laying quails when added to diets
(Khattak et al., 2014). (Cabuk et al., 2014). Recently, it was discovered that broiler bird skin
treated with carvacrol, acidified sodium chlorite, or trisodium phosphate effectively
inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium (Karuppasamy et al., 2015,
Yadav et al., 2016). Numerous plants and their derivatives, including as Aloe vera,
Astragalus membranaceus, ginger, garlic, noni, onion, turmeric, and thyme, have been
thoroughly studied and employed in the production of poultry (Dhama et al., 2015b). These
substances have enhanced broiler growth and elevated layer egg output (Guo et al., 2004;
Sunder et al., 2013; Sunder et al., 2014). Resinol, a natural resin acid composition (RAC), has
been demonstrated to have antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities. When added
to feed, it regulated the intestinal microbiota and decreased the percentage of gram-positive
population in vitro, in addition to enhancing growth performance (Vuorenmaa, 2015).
According to Zhang et al. (2012), broilers fed fermented Ginkgo biloba leaves coupled with
Aspergillus niger shown better growth performance. Although the mechanisms of action of
many of the plants' active components have been identified, some have been published but
not all. According to reports, these herbs' active ingredients enhance the gut's regular
microbiota, which increases nutritional metabolism and absorption and promotes greater
growth and production (Hashemi & Davoodi, 2011). Trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and
lipase activity have all increased as a result of eating turmeric, which is ascribed to its active
ingredient curcumin (Khan et al., 2012b). Ginger improves feed digestion and metabolism by
increasing the release of digestive enzymes like enterokinases and other essential enzymes
(Zhao et al., 2011). Similar to this, adding essential oils to feed boosted the release of
digestive enzymes, enhancing feed absorption, and improving broiler activity in general
(AlKassie et al., 2011). Free radical production in cells is decreased by the antioxidant
qualities of these active principles.
Herbal preparations also have antibacterial, antiparasitic, and immunomodulating
qualities in addition to their antioxidant and digestive benefits. Although there are