Ni Putu Ardiyanti, Susy Purnawati, Nyoman Adiputra, I Made Krisna Dinata, I Gusti
Ngurah Priambadi | http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
1021
ERGONOMIC APPLICATIONS REDUCE FATIGUE,
MUSCULOSKELETAL COMPLAINTS, HEAT RADIATION, AND
INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY OF PIG ROLLERS
Ni Putu Ardiyanti
1
, Susy Purnawati
2
, Nyoman Adiputra
3
, I Made Krisna Dinata
4
, I Gusti
Ngurah Priambadi
5
1,2,4)
Ergonomics Physiology of Postgraduate Work at Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
3)
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
5)
Industrial Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
ardiyantiputu98@gmail.com
1
, susy_purnawati@unud.ac.id
2
,
nadip2003@yahoo.com
3
, krisnadinata@unud.ac.id
4
,
priambadi.ngurah@unud.ac.id
5
KEYWORDS
Ergonomics, Pig Rolling
Workers, Fatigue,
Musculoskeletal
Complaints, Productivity
ABSTRACT
One of the typical Balinese culinary tours is Pig Rollers. The process of making
pig guling still on human power in the rolling process by doing a continuous
circular motion. This study aims to determine the decrease in fatigue,
musculoskeletal complaints, heat radiation, and increase in productivity before
and after treatment of pig roller workers due to the application of ergonomics
applications in the form of repairing work stations. The method used in this study
is an experimental (true experimental) with the same subject design (treatment by
subject design) and a randomized pre and post-test group design pattern of
variables in the form of worker fatigue which is recorded with a 30 Items of
Rating Scale of General Fatigue questionnaire; musculoskeletal complaints of
workers who were recorded with the Nordic Body Map questionnaire; heat
radiation measured with 4ch K Thermometer SD Logger; and the productivity of
pig rolling workers is assessed based on the output (weight of the product
produced) divided by the input (work pulse) multiplied by time (time).
Measurements were carried out before and after working in Period I and Period II
on 12 samples for 1 month. The data obtained will be analyzed by paired t-tests at
a significance level of 5%. The results showed that there were significant
differences (p<0.05) in workload, fatigue, musculoskeletal complaints, heat
radiation, and work productivity in Period I and Period II. Ergonomics application
in the form of work station improvement reduces workload by 10.22%, fatigue by
13.46%, musculoskeletal complaints by 33.61%, heat radiation by 11.81%, and
increases productivity by 78.50%. It can be concluded that the application of
ergonomics in the form of repairing work stations can reduce workload, fatigue,
musculoskeletal complaints, and radiation, and increase the productivity of pig
rolling workers in Peliatan Village, Ubud, Gianyar, Bali.
INTRODUCTION
Balinese culinary tourism is currently still growing rapidly. Culinary tourism is also a
source of creative economy that not only creates jobs but can reflect the culture of a region.
One of the typical Balinese foods that attract tourists is Pig Rollers (Marwanto & Marfianti,
2011) . In addition, Pig Rollers is also used as an offering in religious ceremonies in Bali.
This food is often used as a special menu by restaurants or restaurants. Pig guling business at
the household level is increasingly prevalent in Bali (Lestari, Rahardjo, & Dewanti, 2018) .
The process of making Pig Rollers at the household business level is still many who have
not used machines in the manufacturing process (Mindhayani & Purnomo, 2016) . The pig
rolling worker does his job by being quite near the heating fire. The fuel used is firewood and
coconut fiber. The rolling handle used to turn the pig is made of iron. The process of making
Pig Rollers takes between 2 to 3 hours so workers must remain in a sitting position while
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Complaints, Heat Radiation, and Increase Productivity of Pig
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Made Krisna Dinata, I Gusti Ngurah Priambadi
rolling the pig. The rolling process is carried out by rotating the rolling handle continuously
until the pork changes color to brownish red, looks crispy and tender which indicates that the
pork is cooked. (Armijal & Firdaus, 2021). This condition causes workers to be in a static
sitting position for a relatively long time with a bent work attitude because there is no
anthropometric seat available (Suarjana, Adiatmika, & Adnyana, 2018).
The wooden planks used by workers as a barrier to heat radiation have not been able to
fully cover the workers' bodies. The wooden plank is only placed on one side of the worker
and the height is only limited to the worker's chest. Heat radiation originating from the
furnace will contribute to the emergence of fatigue (Nariani, 2019). Excessive heat radiation
will cause the body to respond by doing vasodilation or widening of the skin blood vessels
which aims to drain more blood to the skin to remove heat from the inside out of the body
(Fuadah, Ekawati, & Wahyuni, 2022) . This causes the heart to pump blood faster which can
be seen from an increase in the work pulse rate so that the body experiences fatigue more
quickly. The emergence of fatigue can cause workers to make mistakes at work, thereby
increasing the risk of musculoskeletal complaints. The decline in work quality will go hand in
hand with a decrease in work productivity (Nariani, 2019).
Pig rolling workers generally work in groups and have not applied ergonomic principles
in designing the workplace, especially the place used to roll pigs (Fajrianti, Shaluhiyah, &
Lestantyo, 2017). Based on the preliminary study identified problems, namely (1) work
stations that are not in accordance with the anthropometry of workers; (2) excessive use of
muscle power due to unnatural work positions and attitudes and relatively high exposure to
furnace heat; (3) the work process is dominated by static muscle contractions accompanied
by repetitive movements performed by workers in a relatively long time; and (4) the
microclimate around the workplace is not comfortable, because the environmental
temperature is relatively high accompanied by exposure to heat from the fireplace and the air
circulation is also not good because the area where the work place is very closed (Eka & DN,
2019).
These conditions result in (1) not being comfortable doing work; (2) fatigue appears
more quickly; (3) the appearance of complaints in the skeletal muscles; (4) increased
workload; (5) the energy required is higher when doing the same work effort; (6) severe
dehydration; (7) the risk of work errors; and (8) decreased productivity (Sutajaya, Risttiati, &
Undikksha, 2014).
The results of a preliminary study of 10 pig rolling workers there was an increase in
fatigue of 54.32%, an increase in musculoskeletal complaints by 53% with an assessment of
work posture using the RULA method at action level 7 which means immediate improvement
is needed, musculoskeletal complaints in the category of pain are most felt in the shoulders
and thighs, while musculoskeletal complaints in the stiff category are mostly felt in the back,
organization, work instruments, worker characteristics, and environmental factors also affect
the quality of health and work productivity of pig rolling workers (Asriyani & Karimuna,
2017) .
Repairs to the work station carried out in this study were (1) improvement of the rolling
handle with a steering wheel shape; (2) the provision of seats in accordance with the
anthropometry of workers; and (3) the installation of an ergonomic radiation barrier board,
namely the use of a wooden plank with a transverse position added with acrylic glass in the
middle so that workers can still see the condition of the pig when rolling.
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The problem formulations that can be made based on the background are: (a) does the
application of ergonomics in the form of repairing work stations reduce the fatigue of pig
rolling workers in Peliatan Village?; (b) does the application of ergonomics in the form of
repairing work stations reduce musculoskeletal complaints of pig rolling workers in Peliatan
Village?; (c) does the application of ergonomics in the form of repairing work stations reduce
the heat radiation of pig rolling workers in Peliatan Village?; (d) does the application of
ergonomics in the form of repairing work stations increase the productivity of pig rolling
workers in Peliatan Village?
METHOD RESEARCH
The method used in this study is the type of research carried out is experimental (true
experimental) with the same subject design (treatment by subject design) with a randomized
pre and posttest group design pattern. The research subjects were pig grinders in Peliatan
Village, Gianyar District, Gianyar Regency, Bali Province. The target population in this study
were all the rolling pig workers in Peliatan Village. The affordable population were all
workers who rolled Pig Rollers spread over 10 banjars who met the inclusion criteria, totaling
12 workers. The data obtained in this study were analyzed by: (a) the data on the
characteristics of the subject and environmental conditions were analyzed descriptively by
looking for the mean and standard deviation or standard deviation; (b) normality test data for
fatigue, musculoskeletal complaints, heat radiation, and productivity were analyzed by the
Shapiro-Wilk test; and (c) data on fatigue, musculoskeletal complaints, heat radiation, and
productivity were analyzed by paired t-test at a significance level of 5%.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the results of data collection, the average age of the subject is 45.75 years with
a standard deviation of 7.237 years, which means that they are still in the productive category
as workers. The average BMI of workers is 24.18 kg/m2 with a standard deviation of 1.603
kg/m2, which means it is in the normal category according to the Ministry of Health of the
Republic of Indonesia.
The results of the data analysis of the working environment conditions can be seen in
Table 1.
Table 1
Hypothesis Test Results on Musculoskeletal Complaints
Variable
Period I
Period II
t value
p value
Average
SB
Average
SB
Temperature ( C)
28,20
0.752
28.18
0.045
0.564
0.612
Relative Humidity (%)
78.11
0.982
78.03
0.349
0.153
0.888
Light Intensity (lux)
188,22
20.777
197.53
5,806
0.826
0.469
Wind Speed (m/s)
0.27
0.170
0.25
0.129
0.177
0.638
Noise dB(A)
52.65
1,646
52.92
0.412
0.327
0.765
Judging from the results of data analysis in Table 1, it can be explained that the work
environment, namely temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, wind speed, and noise
between Period I and Period II is comparable or gives the same effect on changes in the
dependent variable (p > 0, 05).
The results of hypothesis testing on workload, fatigue, musculoskeletal complaints, heat
radiation, and data productivity can be seen in Table 2.
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Table 2
Hypothesis Test Results on Fatigue
Variable
Period I
Period II
t value
p value
Average
SB
Average
SB
Fatigue (Before Work)
62.67
1,825
64.16
2,691
27,118
0.175
Fatigue (After Work)
94.08
3,423
81.41
2,466
10,325
0.0001
In this study, it was found that the fatigue of pig rolling workers decreased between
Period I and Period II by 13.46%. This shows that the application of ergonomics in the form
of repairing work stations can improve the quality of workers' health as seen from the
decrease in fatigue after work. Work stations and an adequate environment can increase
worker comfort so that workers do not easily feel tired after doing their work.
The process of rolling pigs requires a lot of energy because workers have to constantly
rotate the roll in a monotonous sitting position. In addition, the exposure to heat received by
workers is also quite high because the insulation between workers and the firebox is only a
wooden plank placed on the right side of the worker. Exposure to such heat can cause
additional burden and discomfort to workers. This non-ergonomic work station can cause
fatigue to appear more quickly.
(Hidayat, 2017) states that exposure to excessive heat will cause the heart to work more
to transfer heat to the skin surface to keep the thermal body temperature in an optimal state.
(Arini & Dwiyanti, 2015) reported that there was a relationship between work fatigue and
monotonous sitting. (Asriyani & Karimuna, 2017) states that the heavier the work, the more
oxygen is needed by the body. Likewise, blood flow will increase along with a faster heart
pump so that it can interfere with the process of transporting oxygen to the muscles. This will
cause workers to experience fatigue more quickly at work (Prasojo, Sulistyo, & Listyanto,
2012).
Figure 1. The Rolling Process After Repair With the Installation of Cross-Wood
Boards
Source: Personal Documentation, 2022
The use of a wooden plank with a transverse position coupled with acrylic glass in the
middle can reduce the exposure to heat radiation received by workers when rolling pigs. The
addition of acrylic glass is used so that workers can still see the condition of the Pig Rollers
and the size of the burning fire (Arini & Dwiyanti, 2015). Pig rolling workers are exposed to
heat radiation for 1 hour and must constantly rotate the roll. With the wooden planks as an
insulator, the heat radiation received by workers can go down so that workers feel more
comfortable in doing their jobs. The rolling handle with a steering wheel shape also makes it
Vol. 3, No. 11, 2022
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easier for workers to roll pigs and the seat cushions used also increase the comfort of workers
who have to stay in a monotonous sitting position when rolling pigs. Increasing the comfort
of the work station can reduce the risk of fatigue in workers. In addition, the decrease in
workload also causes a decrease in the fatigue of pig rolling workers (Agustinawati, Dinata,
& Primayanti, 2019).
These findings synergize with research: (a) (Putriyani & Sri Darnoto, 2016) reported that
there were differences in work fatigue in the work environment; (b) (Eka & DN, 2019)
reported that there was an effect of hot temperatures on worker fatigue in construction
workshops. The hot temperature received by workers can reduce motor activity so that
workers can slow down working time. Repair of work stations in the form of decreasing heat
temperatures will reduce the feeling of hotness in workers; (c) (Agustinawati et al., 2019)
reported that there was a relationship between workload and fatigue felt by bokor craftsmen.
The results of hypothesis testing on workload, fatigue, musculoskeletal complaints, heat
radiation, and data productivity can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3
Hypothesis Test Results on Musculoskeletal Complaints
Variable
Period I
Period II
t value
p value
Average
SB
Average
SB
Musculoskeletal complaints
(Before Work)
32.83
2,124
31.91
2.065
1,287
0.224
Musculoskeletal complaints
(After Work)
68.16
2,724
45.25
2,416
23,557
0.0001
In this study, it was found that the musculoskeletal complaints of pig rolling workers
decreased between Period I and Period II by 33.61%. This shows that the application of
ergonomics in the form of repairing work stations can improve the health of workers as seen
from the decrease in musculoskeletal complaints of pig rolling workers. In Period I, many
workers experienced musculoskeletal complaints in the right wrist, as many as 5 people
(41.67%), right forearm and waist as many as 4 people (33.33%). In Period II
musculoskeletal complaints in the right wrist and waist were only felt by 2 people (16.67%),
and in the right forearm only 1 person (8.33%). These findings can be used as a reference to
state that work stations that are not yet ergonomic need to be repaired as soon as possible so
that workers avoid musculoskeletal complaints.
Pig rolling work stations are still done manually by involving human power. Pig rolling
workers will sit for an hour rotating the roll continuously (Suarjana et al., 2018). This is done
so that the whole pork guling process is evenly distributed. The roll used has only one handle
so that only one hand can hold the roll freely. The rolling motion is carried out with one hand
only. This causes the worker's position and working attitude to bend when turning the roll,
especially when the turning handle is at the bottom. Workers are also more likely to use their
right hand in rolling and only occasionally replace it with their left hand (Sarman & Anshar,
2018). The seat used is higher than the worker's popliteal height. This also causes unnatural
work positions and attitudes in workers. Work stations that do not refer to ergonomic
principles will cause an increase in musculoskeletal complaints in workers.
(Sunaryo & Rhomadhoni, 2020) reported that static work attitudes in the lower body and
repetitive work attitudes in the upper body, especially in the hands, had a correlation with
musculoskeletal complaints. Work attitude is influenced by unfavorable work station
conditions so an improvement is needed. (Jalajuwita & Paskarini, 2015) stated that non-
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ergonomic posture is one of the causes of musculoskeletal complaints. (Asad, Achiraeniwati,
Rejeki, & Pradana, 2018) stated that bad work postures that are carried out for a long duration
and repeatedly cause workers to feel musculoskeletal complaints. Faudah, et al (2022)
reported that there was a relationship between work posture and the emergence of
musculoskeletal complaints due to non-ergonomic work stations.
Figure 2. Rolling Process Before and After Repair
Source: Personal Documentation, 2022
Related to these findings, improvements were made to the work station in the form of (a)
repairing the roll handle in the form of a steering wheel covered with synthetic leather and
referring to anthropometric data on the grip diameter at the 5th percentile (3.4 cm); (b) seat
improvement which refers to the anthropometric data of the buttock-popliteal distance with
the 50th percentile (45 cm) to design the seat length, the popliteal height data with the 5th
percentile (43.10 cm) to design the seat height, and the addition of seat cushions. sit. The
improvement of the work station can reduce workers' musculoskeletal complaints.
Ergonomically oriented work stations can produce effective, comfortable, safe, healthy, and
efficient working conditions so as to achieve the highest productivity.
The findings in this study synergize with other researchers, namely: (a) (Susana, Alit, &
Aryadi, 2022) reported that ergonomic intervention in designing a work tool based on worker
anthropometric data was able to reduce musculoskeletal complaints; (b) (Tantony & Sarvia,
2022) states that by redesigning the work station that is used during ergonomic activities, it
can reduce the risk of work postures that have the potential to cause musculoskeletal
complaints; (c) (Danida, 2019) reports that there is a significant relationship between work
posture and musculoskeletal complaints, so it is necessary to adjust work tools with worker
anthropometry.
The results of hypothesis testing on workload, fatigue, musculoskeletal complaints, heat
radiation, and data productivity can be seen in Table 4.
Table 4
Hypothesis Test Results on Heat Radiation
Variable
Period I
Period II
t value
p value
Average
SB
Average
SB
Heat Radiation ( C)
31.65
0.465
27.91
0.156
30,174
0.0001
In this study, improvements were made to ergonomics-oriented work stations, namely
the provision of insulation in the form of wooden boards between workers and the fire stove.
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These improvements were able to reduce the heat radiation that exposed workers by 11.81%
between Period I and Period II. This shows that the provision of wooden boards as a
protection for workers from exposure to heat radiation from the fire stove can improve the
quality of workers' health as seen from the decrease in workload, fatigue and musculoskeletal
complaints of workers. The use of wooden planks does not cover the view of the workers
because in the middle of the wood, acrylic glass has been installed so that workers can freely
see the Pig Rollers.
The heat radiation received by
Permenkes No. 70 of 2016 the temperature exceeds the temperature threshold value with a
moderate workload within one hour. The heat radiation comes from the pig rolling furnace
which can cause high heat stress. Heat stress will be an additional workload that can increase
the risk of occupational diseases. (Marwanto & Marfianti, 2011) stated that heat stress affects
the cardiovascular system, namely an increase in heart performance. This is indicated by an
increase in pulse rate. (Lestari et al., 2018) stated that an increase in blood pressure occurs as
the temperature of the work environment increases. It is characterized by an increase in heart
rate to meet the need for oxygen to the working muscles.
The use of wood material as an insulator between workers and the fire stove to reduce
heat radiation is due to the fact that wood has a low thermal conductivity value or can be said
to have poor heat conductivity. Wood can be used as a heat insulator raw material.
The findings on this synergize with other researchers, namely: (a) (Prasojo et al., 2012)
stated that wood has good insulating properties against heat; (b) (Setyaningsih, 2018) states
that the heat temperature can be controlled technically, such as insulation of heat sources; (c)
(Sunaryo & Rhomadhoni, 2020) states that controlling heat in the workplace can be done by
limiting workers to exposure to heat; (d) (Fajrianti et al., 2017) states that it is important to
control heat exposure in workers so that workers feel safe and healthy in doing their jobs; (e)
(Maftuh, Haryanti, & Johar, 2021) reported that there is an influence between the work
climate on the level of work fatigue; (f) (Wangi, 2020) reports that the work environment
affects employee performance.
The results of hypothesis testing on workload, fatigue, musculoskeletal complaints, heat
radiation, and data productivity can be seen in Table 5.
Table 5
Hypothesis Test Results on Productivity
Variable
Period I
Period II
t value
p value
Average
SB
Average
SB
Productivity
2.00
0.111
3.57
0.377
14,588
0.0001
In this study it was found that productivity increased by 78.50% between Period I and
Period II. This shows that the improvement of ergonomics-oriented work stations can
improve the quality of health and comfort of workers so as to increase productivity. It is
stated so because through the improvement of ergonomics-oriented work stations it can
reduce workload by 10.22%, reduce fatigue by 13.46%, and reduce musculoskeletal
complaints by 33.61% so that there is an increase in productivity of 78.50%.
The measurement of productivity in this study is composed of several components,
namely input (work pulse), output (weight of pig rolls produced in one day), and time
(working time). Increased productivity is marked by a decrease in the workload on workers
because the smaller the workload, the productivity will increase. The decrease in workload is
caused by a decrease in the heat radiation received by workers. The decreased workload will
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also have an impact on the quality of health as seen from the decrease in fatigue due to work
stations and an environment that is comfortable or not too hot. Fatigue is a feeling that arises
as a result of bodily discomfort to a working condition. This decrease in fatigue can also have
an impact on reducing musculoskeletal complaints in workers (Susana et al., 2022). The
decrease in workload, fatigue, musculoskeletal complaints can contribute to each other to
increase the productivity of pig rolling workers. This causes workers to always feel safe,
comfortable, and healthy to do their jobs so that there is an increase in work productivity.
This finding is in synergy with other researchers, namely (a) (Wangi, 2020)reporting that
work safety seen from the work environment and work methods has a contribution to work
productivity; (b) (Tantony & Sarvia, 2022) reported that an increase in productivity was due
to improvements in ergonomics-oriented work mechanisms. This results in workers
becoming more fit, healthy, and comfortable so that productivity increases; (c) (Mindhayani
& Purnomo, 2016) reported that improving work systems with ergonomic interventions can
reduce fatigue and musculoskeletal complaints and can increase productivity; (d) (Armijal &
Firdaus, 2021) reported that repair of work tools contributed to increased productivity; (e)
(Suarjana et al., 2018) reported that the redesign of work tools in accordance with
anthropometry causes workers to use work tools in a comfortable and safe condition so as to
increase work productivity; (f) (Sutajaya et al., 2014) reported that increased productivity was
due to an increase in the quality of workers' health after being given improved working
conditions based on local wisdom relevant to the ergonomics concept.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of research and discussions that have been reviewed based on
relevant research, it can be concluded: (a) ergonomic application reduces the fatigue of pig
rolling workers by 13.46%; (b) application of ergonomics reduces musculoskeletal
complaints of pig rolling workers by 33.61%; (c) application of ergonomics reduces heat
radiation of pig rolling workers by 11.81%; and (d) application of ergonomics increases the
productivity of pig rolling workers by 78.50%. Suggestions that can be conveyed in this
study: (a) pig rolling workers are advised to use tools and work stations that are in accordance
with anthropometry or body size so that they are comfortable at work; (b) it is recommended
that the manager of the Pig Rollers household business pay attention to the condition of the
work station and the work tools used to comply with ergonomics rules; (c) local village
officials should facilitate efforts to improve ergonomics-oriented work stations in home
industries, especially pig rolling workers; (d) further researchers are expected to be able to
measure ECPT (extra calorie due to peripheral temperature) and ECPM (extra calorie due to
peripheral metabolism), and be able to analyze the pollutants produced by the fuel used on
workers' respiratory systems.
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Ni Putu Ardiyanti, Susy Purnawati, Nyoman Adiputra, I Made Krisna Dinata, I
Gusti Ngurah Priambadi ( 2022 )
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