Table 1
�Description of Materials, Tools, and Testing Procedures
|
Parameter
|
Ingredient
|
Tool
|
Testing
Procedure
|
|
Physical
Properties
|
|
Soil Temperature
|
Peat
|
soil thermometer
|
Digital
thermometer
|
|
Peat Color
|
Peat
|
Measuring cup, beaker, 100 m sieve, MSCC
Color Manual
|
Munsell
Soil Color Charts
|
|
Filling Weight (Bulk density)
|
Peat
|
Rings, Scales, desiccators, petridis and goblets, rulers.
|
Ring (Core) sample
|
|
Soil Water
Content
|
Peat
|
Rings (Core)
Peat soil samples
|
Gravimetric (Blakermore
et al ., 1987).
|
|
To the thickness of Peat
|
Peat
|
Peat Drill
|
Boring Method
|
|
MaturityPeat
|
Peat
|
Peat Drill
|
Mckinzie method
|
|
Water Level (Water table)
|
Peat
|
Hobo U20
Digital Water table pipe , Onset, Bourne, USA
|
Digital water table electric sensor
|
|
Chemical
Properties
|
|
pH (H 2 O)
|
Peatland and aquades
|
Bottles, shakers,
scales, pH meters
|
PH meter
|
|
C-Organic (%)
|
Peat,
H 2 O, H
2 SO 4 , NHCl, NaOH, HCl, H 3 BO 3
|
Scales, tubes,
erlenmeyer, pipettes
|
Kjeldahl
|
|
N-total (%)
|
Peat soil, K2Cr2O7,
H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O, diphelamine, H3PO4, FeSO 4
|
Sieve, scale,
erlenmeyer, pipette,
|
Walkley and Black
|
|
P-available (ppm)
|
Peat soil, Bray I
solution, filtrate, phosphate B
|
Spectrophotometer,
balance, shaker, erlenmeyer, filter paper, pipette, tube
|
P-Bray I
|
|
Interchangeable
Bases ( K-dd , Ca-dd , Mg-dd
, Na-dd )
|
Peat soil, NH 4
O A
c )
|
Scales, centrifuge
tube, glass stirrer, strainer
|
Extraction of ammonium acetate, 1 N pH
7.0
|
|
CEC (me/100 g)
|
Peat soil, ammonium
acetate ( NH 4 O A c )
|
Scales, centrifuge
tube, glass stirrer, strainer
|
Extraction of ammonium acetate, 1 N pH 7.0
|
Data analysis method
Data analysis of physical and chemical properties of
peat soil was carried out descriptively with the help of tables and graphs. Regression
and correlation methods were used to determine the pattern of correlation
between several physical and chemical properties of peat soil with the help of
the Ms. Excel 2016
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Physical Properties of Peat
The
physical properties of peat soils are a very important factor in determining
the level of productivity of plants cultivated on peatlands, because they
determine the conditions of aeration, drainage, load-bearing capacity, and the
level or potential for degradation of peatlands. In the use of peatland for
agriculture, the characteristics or physical properties of peat that are
important to study are peat maturity, water content, bulk density, bearing
capacity, subsidence, and irreversible dryness. drying) ((Agus & Subiksa, 2008).
Table 2
Physical
properties of natural peat forest and peatland designated for oil palm
plantations in East Kotawaringin Regency
|
Parameter
|
Secondary natural forest
|
Oil Palm
Planting Age
|
|
<4 years
|
4-10 years
|
>10 years
|
|
Soil Temperature ( 0C)
|
29.39
|
27.61
|
26.58
|
28.32
|
|
Peat
Thickness (m)
|
1.34
|
0.98
|
0.76
|
0.42
|
|
Peat
Color
|
10
R/2.5/2
|
10
R/2.5/1
|
5
YR/2.5/1
|
10
R/2.5/1
|
|
|
Chocolate
|
Dark
brown
|
Dark
chocolate
|
Black
|
|
Peat
Maturity
|
Fibric
|
Hemic
|
Hemic
|
Saprik
|
|
Fiber
Content (%)
|
76.86%
|
29.41%
|
27.36%
|
14.32%
|
|
Water
content (%)
|
711.36
|
668.22
|
625.08
|
354.98
|
|
Filling
Weight (g/cm 3)
|
0.16
|
0.27
|
0.34
|
1.28
|
|
Water
Level(cm)
|
58.15
|
58,30
|
59.39
|
58,19
|
Peat Soil Temperature
Soil
temperature in natural peat forest is 29.39 0 C, while the
temperature of peat soil in oil palm plantations less than 4 years old is 27.61
0 C, oil palm planting age is between 4-10 years 26.58 0 C,
and coconut oil palm planting age over 10 years is 28.32 0 C. The
temperature of the peat soil is still included in meeting the requirements for
oil palm growth. Oil palm requires an optimum average annual air temperature
for oil palm of 25 o C-28 0 C, but can still produce at
an average annual air temperature of 240 C. The combination of
rainfall and air temperature is very likely to play a role in the mechanism
opening and closing of leaf stomata which leads to the process of
photosynthesis (Risza, 2008).
Making
drainage causes a decrease in groundwater, then changes in temperature and
humidity in the peat layer near the surface, thus accelerating the weathering
process and decreasing the peat surface. Changes in temperature that occur are
caused by the condition of the oil palm plantations at each planting age. Oil
palm plants require a high enough intensity of sunlight to carry out photosynthesis
in carrying out their life activities that are useful for growth.
Photosynthesis in oil palm leaves increases in line with the condition of the
leaf area and the amount of chlorophyll that can receive light.
Thickness peat
The
peat thickness ranges from 0.42 m in oil palm plantations with a planting age
above 10 years and 0.98 m in oil palm plantations with planting age of less
than 4 years. Natural peat forest has a thickness of 1.34 m. This peat
thickness meets the required criteria to ensure the sustainability of peatland
functions, namely the thickness of the peat layer is less than 3 (three) meters
(Ministry of Agriculture No. 14 of 2009), because the thickness of peat > 3
m is designated as a conservation area (Presidential Decree No. 32 of 1990).
The thicker the peat, the more important its function is in providing
protection to the environment and conversely the environmental conditions of
thick peatlands are more fragile when converted into agricultural land.
Agriculture
on thick peatlands is more difficult to manage and requires expensive costs due
to low fertility and carrying capacity, making it difficult for vehicles to
transport agricultural facilities and crops to pass (Agus & Subiksa, 2008). difficult to
reach the mineral layer that is below it. This results in disrupted plant
growth, and causes plants to easily tilt and collapse, especially in annual
plants or plantation crops (Suswati, Hendro, Shiddieq, & Indradewa, 2011).
Peat soil color
Soil
color is the most obvious and easily determined soil property. Although color
has little effect on the usability of the soil, it can sometimes be used as an
indication of the existence of special properties of the soil. The color of the
peat soil changes from brown in natural peat forest to dark brown in oil palm
plantations at planting age less than 4 years, blackish brown in oil palm
plantations between 4-10 years and black in oil palm plantations above planting
age. 10 years. The color of the peat soil changes from brown, dark brown,
blackish brown to black. Differences in soil color are generally caused by
differences in organic matter content, the higher the organic matter, the
darker the soil color (Suswati et al., 2011).
Peat maturity (fiber content)
Peat
maturity is defined as the level of weathering of organic matter which is the
main component of peat soil. Peat maturity greatly determines the level of
peatland productivity, because it greatly affects the level of peat soil
fertility, and nutrient availability. Peat maturity level is one of the
permanent limiting factors that cannot be corrected through technical cultural
measures. Thus, if these two limiting factors are in the heavy category, then
the decision to cultivate oil palm in tidal swamp land should be reviewed. Peat
maturity level which is a weight limiting factor is at the fibric level (raw
peat), while peat depth >3 m can be classified as a weight limiting factor
for oil palm cultivation.
The
conversion of natural peat forests into oil palm plantations causes changes in
peat maturity. Natural peat forest has a Fibric maturity level with a fiber
content of 76.86%, the maturity level of peat in oil palm plantations at
planting age is less than 4 years and oil palms at planting age between 4-10
years is hemic, each has a fiber content of 29.41% and 27.36%. Oil palm plantations
over the age of 10 years have a sapric maturity level with a fiber content of
14.32%.
Peat
soil has various maturity levels because it is formed from different materials,
environmental conditions and time. Ripe peat (sapric) tends to be finer and
more fertile. In contrast, the immature (fibric) contains a lot of crude fiber
and is less fertile (Najiyati, Muslihat, & Suryadiputra, 2005).
The level of ripeness of saprik has a
high content of organic matter and is in a state that has been completely
weathered. Peat soil with a hemic maturity level has a high content of organic
matter, but the organic matter has not decomposed completely so that it cannot
provide sufficient nutrients for plants. Fibric peat is peat with a
young maturity level so it is not suitable for oil palm
cultivation.
Water content
Peat
water content is water held by peat or water that fills part or all of the soil
pores or the amount of water that can be absorbed by the soil (Andriesse, 2003).
The water contained in peat soils can reach 300-3000% dry weight, much higher
than mineral soils whose ability to absorb water is only around 20-35% dry
weight (Elon, 2011). Peatlands have
the ability to absorb and store water much higher than mineral soils. The
dominant composition of organic matter causes peat to be able to absorb
relatively high amounts of water.
The
highest peat soil moisture content occurs in natural peat forests (711.36%),
while in oil palm plantations, the lowest water content occurs in oil palm
plantations with planting age above 10 years (354.98%), oil palm plantations at
planting age between 4-10 years (625.08%), and water content in oil palm
plantations at planting age less than 4 years (668.22%). The longer the age of
oil palm planting, the lower the water content. This condition is caused by
changes in the level of maturity (decomposition) of peat that occurs in oil
palm plantations.
The
availability of peat groundwater is not only based on maturity, but is also
influenced by rainfall or irrigation water, the ability of the soil to hold
water, evapotranspiration, and groundwater level. The ability of peat soil to
absorb and bind water in fibric peat is greater than hemic and sapric peat,
while hemic peat is greater than sapric peat (Suwondo, Sabiham, Sumardjo, & Paramudya, 2012).
Fill Weight
Bulk
density or often referred to as volume weight is a
physical property of the soil that indicates the mass of solids in a certain
volume. The lowest density of peat soils occurred in natural peat forest (0.16
g/cm 3), while in oil palm plantations, respectively, for oil palm
plantations, the planting age was less than 4 years (0.27 g/cm 3),
oil palm plantations were between 4-10 years old (0.34 g/cm 3), and
the highest was in oil palm plantations over 10 years old (1.28 g/cm 3).
The
low density of peat results in low soil carrying capacity so that plants
experience difficulties in anchoring their roots, as a result many annual
plants that grow lean and fall (Noor, 2001).
Water Level (Water table)
Peatlands
are also often known as wetlands due to the condition of the groundwater (water
table) which is close to or above the peat surface throughout the year and
fluctuates with the intensity and frequency of rainfall. The optimal water
level varies with the depth of the root zone of the plant. It also has needs
that vary temporally depending on the phase of plant growth and also tillage
activities such as cultivating and harvesting.
(water table) occurs in
natural peat forest, which is 89.15 cm , while the lowest water table occurs in
oil palm plantations with a planting age of more than 10 years (58.19 cm), followed by oil palm
plantations of less than 10 years. than 4 years (58.30 cm), and oil palm
planting age between 4-10 years (59.39 cm). The water table of peat in natural
peat forest shows the groundwater level which is still relatively high (close
to the surface), while in coconut plantations oil palm, the groundwater level
is relatively better. The condition of the peat soil water table is not only
influenced by the opening of drainage channels but also influenced by climatic
factors, especially rainfall. The groundwater level will affect the maturity
and decomposition of peat soil. The need for water level differs depending on
the type of plant being cultivated.
The
water table for annual plants is
recommended to maintain the groundwater level at a depth of 150 cm (Najiyati et al., 2005).
The clearing of peatlands for plantations begins with the construction of
drainage channels to lower the water table because plantation crops require dry
land conditions. The optimum groundwater table depth for oil palm plantations
on peatlands is in the range of 60-85 cm. The reality in the field is that it
is found that the depth of the groundwater table in oil palm plantations is
more than 85 cm (Dariah & Nurida, 2011).
This condition occurs because most of the plantation areas do not have control
buildings (sluice gates) both at the secondary and tertiary channel levels.
Ground
water level will affect peat decomposition (subsidence) and irreversible drying.
The rate of decomposition of the peat layer above and above the groundwater
table is higher or further than that of the peat layer below the water table. Based
on an assessment of changes in peat maturity, ecologically the main factor influencing
is the water level (Suwondo et al., 2012).
Peat Soil Chemical Properties
Soil
chemical properties can be seen from the level of acidity and composition of
mineral nutrient content. Soil chemical properties have an important meaning in
determining the dose of fertilization and soil fertility class. Oil palm plants
do not require soil with special chemical properties because the lack of a
nutrient can be overcome by fertilization. However, soil containing large
amounts of nutrients is very good for vegetative and generative growth of
plants, while soil acidity determines the availability and balance of nutrients
in the soil. Peat soil has a low fertility level characterized by a low pH
(acidic), the availability of a number of macro (Ca, K, Mg, P) and micro (Cu,
Zn, Mn, and B) nutrients that are low, containing organic acids that poisonous.
Table 3
Characteristics
of chemical properties of peatlands designated for oil palm plantations in East
Kotawaringin Regency
|
Parameter
|
Natural Peat
Forest
|
Oil Palm Planting
Age
|
|
< 4 years
|
4-10 years
|
> 10 years
|
|
pH (H 2
O)
|
2.09
|
3.54
|
4.15
|
3.17
|
|
|
So sour
|
So sour
|
So sour
|
So sour
|
|
C-Organic
(%)
|
38.63
|
34.51
|
39.94
|
31.71
|
|
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
|
N-total
(%)
|
0.88
|
1.02
|
1.37
|
1.47
|
|
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
|
P-available
(ppm)
|
46.44
|
59.36
|
65.72
|
49.47
|
|
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
|
K-dd
(ppm)
|
0.39
|
0.77
|
1.29
|
0.88
|
|
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
|
Ca-dd
(ppm)
|
24.74
|
34.35
|
35.69
|
26.24
|
|
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
|
Mg-dd
(ppm)
|
49.8
|
24.65
|
24.27
|
23.62
|
|
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
|
Na-dd
(ppm)
|
0.26
|
0.18
|
0.16
|
0.08
|
|
|
Low
|
Low
|
Low
|
Very low
|
|
CEC
(me/100 g)
|
106.08
|
134.37
|
143.03
|
125,17
|
|
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
Very high
|
pH (H 2
O)
One
of the chemical properties of peat that becomes an obstacle to its utilization
is the high level of acidity. The high level of acidity is caused by poor
drainage conditions and hydrolysis of organic acids. The conversion of natural
peat forest into oil palm plantations causes an increase in soil pH even though
it is still in the very acidic category (3.08-4.15). An increase in peat soil
pH of 1.45% occurred in oil palm plantations under 4 years of age and in oil
palm plantations between 4 - 10 years of age an increase of 2.06%. Peat soil pH
also increased by 1.08% for oil palm plantations over 10 years of age. The
increase in pH in oil palm plantations is thought to be due to the activity of
overhauling soil organic matter and opening drainage channels in oil palm plantations.
The
increase in the pH value of the soil which is still classified as very acidic
is thought to be due to the ongoing decomposition process in peatlands. The
decomposition process that is taking place on peatlands produces acidic organic
acids. The very high level of acidity is a natural constraint for plant
development due to the limited supply of nutrients for peat soils. The high
acidity of peat soils is partly due to poor drainage conditions and hydrolysis
of organic acids (Agus & Subiksa, 2008). Transitional peat
converted to oil palm plantations for more than 10 years has increased soil pH
but is still classified as very acidic (Suwondo et al., 2012).
The
addition of organic matter will increase soil pH and at the same time reduce
Al-dd and Fe-dd. Soil organic matter is considered as an electron donor that
contributes to metal-metal reduction reactions at low pH (Olafisoye, Fatoki, Oguntibeju, & Osibote, 2020). pH is still
included in the very low category (3.08-4.15). The low pH is caused by the
leaching of alkaline cations that occur from the top layer to a deeper layer,
leaving H + and Al 3+ cations in the top layer which
plays a very important role in soil acidity (Hong, 2008). The low pH of the
soil will cause a decrease in the availability of plant nutrients which in turn
will reduce the production of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB).
C-organic
The
conversion of natural peat forest to oil palm plantations causes a decrease in
organic C content in oil palm plantations less than 4 years old (4.12%) and oil
palm plantations over 10 years old (6.92%). The increase in C-organic content
occurred in oil palm plantations between 4-10 years old (1.31%) when compared
to natural peat forests. Overall the C-organic content
is still included in the very high category. This decrease is thought to occur
due to decomposition activities by soil microorganisms, erosion of organic
matter that occurs due to peatland processing activities for oil palm
plantations. The condition of drained peatlands changes the peat conditions
from anaerobic to aerobic. This results in increased activity of microorganisms
that break down organic matter in peat soil.
Changes
in anaerobic to aerobic conditions on peatlands encourage the activity of
microorganisms to decompose soil organic matter (Subandar, 2011).
Soil organic matter has an important role in the carbon and nutrient cycle and
changes in soil pH (Wang et al., 2013). The C-organic and
organic matter content in forest soils tends to be high. This is because in the
forest soil there is a lot of accumulation of litter and plant residues that
accumulate on the soil surface, the cover of the soil surface by the plant
canopy and there are many soil macroorganisms (worms)
and soil microorganisms (decomposers) that help break down the litter found in
forest soil.
N-total
The
conversion of natural peat forests into oil palm plantations has resulted in an
increase in total N as the age of oil palm plantations, although it is still in
the very high category. When compared with natural peat forest, the N-total
content increased by 0.14% in oil palm plantations less than 4 years old, an
increase of 0.49% in oil palm plantations between 4-10 years, and an increase
of 0.59 % in oil palm plantations over 10 years of age. The increase in total N
that occurs in oil palm plantations is thought to occur due to treatment with
NPK fertilizer every 6 months. Fertilization treatment given to oil palm
plantations greatly affects the availability of total soil N content
(Oksana, Irfan, & Huda, 2012), NPK 15-15-15
application can increase root development, biomass production (Barros, Baptista, & Ferreira, 2007)
and nutrient content network (Costa, 2012).
P-available
The
conversion of natural peat forest to oil palm plantations causes an increase in
the available P content and is still in the very high category. When compared
to natural peat forest, the available P content has an increase of 12.92% in
oil palm plantations less than 4 years old, while the increase is 19.28%
occurred in oil palm plantations with planting age between 4-10 years, and an
increase of 3.03% in oil palm plantations over 10 years of age. The increase in
available P in oil palm plantations was thought to be only due to P
fertilization treatment and had not been affected. by the activity of P-fixing
micro-organisms, this happens because the soil pH is still very acidic
(extreme).
P
in the dominant soil comes from weathering rocks, while P in peat soil comes
from organic P extract (Istomo, 2006)
The
main nutrient problem in peat soils is the availability of P and low P storage.
The cause of the low P storage in peat soil is because P is bound by organic
compounds with weak bond strength. P ions bound to the adsorption site are
easily released and carried by leachate . In order to strengthen the bond, it is necessary
to use tips such as using compounds that are effective in absorbing P, using
natural phosphates and adjusting the timing of ameliorant application and P
fertilization (Masganti, 2013).
K-dd
The
conversion of natural peat forests into oil palm plantations results in changes
in the K-dd content as the plants age. When compared with natural peat forests,
the Ka-dd content in oil palm plantations under 4 years of age increased by 0.38%,
oil palm plantations at 4-10 years of age increased by 0.90%, and oil palm
plantations at planting age in over 10 years experienced an increase of 0.49%.
The K-dd content of natural peat forests was in the medium category, the K-dd
content of oil palm plantations under 4 years of age and above 10 years was in
the high category, while in oil palm plantations of between 4-10 years in the
very high category.
The
increase in Potassium (K) in oil palm plantations is caused by periodic K
fertilizer application. Fertilizer application can restore nutrients in the
soil transported by plants. Pawesti et al .
(2013) stated that the increase in N, P, and K of plants could be by
applying NPK fertilizer to plants.
Ca-dd
The
conversion of natural peat forests into oil palm plantations resulted in an
increase in the Ca-dd content as the plants age. When compared with natural
peat forests, the Ca-dd content in oil palm plantations under 4 years of age
increased by 9.61%, Oil palm
plantations at planting age of 4-10 years increased by 10.95%, and in oil palm
plantations at planting age above 10 years experienced an increase of 1.50%.
However, all Ca-dd content was still in the very high category. The increase in
Ca-dd that occurred in oil palm plantations at various plant ages was thought
to be caused by periodic calcium fertilization treatment. This can be seen from
the decrease in Ca-dd in oil palm plantations over the age of 10 years.
Calcium
is the most important nutrient after the essential elements (N, P, and K) as a
supply of plant nutrients. The function of calcium in plants is used as a
builder of cell walls. Calcium is also mostly used as a control of soil pH and
helps the formation of soil aggregates. Calcium also has a role in the
formation of proteins and the movement of carbohydrates.
Mg-dd
The
conversion of natural peat forest into oil palm plantations results in changes
in the Mg-dd content as the plant ages, even though the Mg-dd content is still
in the very high category. When compared to natural peat forest, the Mg-dd
content in oil palm plantations is under 4 years old decreased by 25.15%, oil
palm plantations at planting age of 4-10 years decreased by 25.53%, and oil
palm plantations at planting age over 10 years decreased by 26.18%. This is
presumably due to fertilization treatment as an effort to restore transported
nutrients. by plants at harvest.
(Ghufron & Risnawita, 2010)
stated that fertilization efforts can improve the nutrient content in the soil
carried or used by plants. (AR, Junedi, & Farni, 2012)
stated that the antagonistic properties of K and Mg greatly affect their
availability in the soil. The high value of Mg in the soil affects the
availability of K in the soil.
Na-dd
The
conversion of natural peat forests into oil palm plantations results in a
decrease in Na-dd content as the plants age. The overall Na-dd content is
included in the low category, except for oil palm plantations of more than 10 years
of age, which are in the very low category. When compared with natural peat
forests, the Na-dd content in oil palm plantations under 4 years of age
decreased by 0.08%, oil palm plantations aged 4-10 years decreased by 0.10%,
and in oil palm plantations of planting age over 10 years decreased by 0.18%.
Cation
Exchange Capacity (CEC)
The
conversion of natural peat forest into oil palm plantations has resulted in an
increase in CEC as the plant ages, even though CEC is still in the very high
category. Changes in the value of cation exchange capacity which is still in
the very high category is thought to be due to the condition of the soil pH
which is still classified as very acidic. When compared to natural peat
forests, CEC in oil palm plantations under 4 years of age increased by 28.29%,
oil palm plantations at 4-10 years of age increased by 36.95%, and oil palm
plantations above 10 years of age. year decreased by 19.09%.
Cation
exchange capacity indicates the soil's ability to hold cations and exchange
them. The increase in cation exchange capacity occurs along with the increase
in pH, the increase in pH value is caused by the cation exchange capacity which
is influenced by the negative charge originating from organic matter. Compounds
of organic matter are changing charges that are highly dependent on changes in pH. These negative charges retain a number of cations present
in the soil solution and in the adsorption complex, so that the cation exchange
capacity increases in oil palm plantations of various plant ages as the soil pH
increases.
Changes
in CEC value along with changes in pH value. The increase in cation exchange capacity
in oil palm plantations is thought to be influenced by fertilization treatment
and the ongoing decomposition process (Winarno, 2012). Cation exchange
capacity is one of many factors related to soil fertility and a good indicator
to determine soil quality and productivity. The higher the CEC of the soil, the
more alkaline cations the soil can hold, so it is more likely that the soil
will have a higher fertility level, on the other hand, if the CEC in the soil
is low, the soil cannot hold nutrients properly, so - Nutrients are easily
washed off by water.
Relationship of some physical properties of peat soil
Water
content has a positive relationship with fiber content (r = 0.70), high water
content will be followed by high fiber content (Figure 2a). This condition
shows that natural peat forests and plantations with various ages of oil palm
plantations experience a water-saturated phase that affects the number and
activity of microorganisms to utilize organic fiber as an energy source. The
weathering process will run slowly, so that the fiber content is high with a high water content state. The decrease in water level due to
drainage will accelerate decomposition and reduce the percentage of fiber
content (Noor, 2001)
states that the ability to absorb and retain water from peat depends on the
maturity level of the peat.
Figure 2
The graph of
the relationship between water content and fiber
content (a), bulk weight and fiber content (b), and bulk weight and moisture content (c).
The
density of peat soil has a negative relationship with fiber content (r = 0.66).
Peat soil has a low density between 0.05-0.25 gr/cm 3, the lower the
density value, the weaker the decomposition rate or the lower the maturity of
the peat, because it still contains a lot of organic matter (Subagyono, Marwanto, & Kurnia, 2003). The low density
of peat soils causes the low bearing capacity of peat soils. In general, the
density of the soil the deeper it is, the smaller it will be. The lower the
peat maturity, the lower the density value (Andriesse, 2003).
The
density of peat soil has a negative relationship with water content (r = 0.99)
giving an understanding that the greater the density of peat soil, the lower
the water content or vice versa (Figure 2b). Bulk density is closely
related to particle density, if the soil particle density is very
large, the bulk density is also large. If the soil has a high level of
water content, then the particle density and bulk density will be
low because if the soil has a high level of water content in absorbing
groundwater, then the density of the soil will be low because the pores in the
soil become large. Soil that has large pores will more easily enter water in
the soil aggregate (Hanafiah, 2004).
Relationship of Several Chemical Properties of Peat
Soil
pH
(H 2 O) of peat soil has a positive relationship with C-organic (r =
0.042) which indicates that high acidity of peat will be accompanied by higher
C-organic (Figure 3a). Peat soil
organic matter comes from weathering of the
vegetation that grows around it. The decomposition process of peat
soil has not occurred completely because the dominant peat
condition is always saturated. These conditions cause peat soils to have low fertility and pH levels (Dariah &
Nurida, 2011).
Figure 3
Graph of the
effect of peat soil pH (H 2 O) on organic C (a), total N (b), available
P (c), and CEC (d).
pH
(H 2 O) of peat soil has a positive relationship with N-total (r =
0.62) (Figure 3b). The decrease in the total N-value of peat soils as oil palm
plants age is thought to be due to degradation of organic matter and changes in
soil pH which are not significant and are still classified as very acidic. This
has resulted in microorganisms that degrade soil organic matter and N fixers
have not been able to work optimally (Nugroho, 2017). The pH (H 2 O)
of peat soil had a positive relationship with available P (r = 0.92) (Figure
3c). The amount of available P in the soil is determined by the amount of P in
the adsorption complex (P-total) whose availability mechanism is regulated by
pH and the amount of soil organic matter (Winarso,
2005). pH (H 2 O) of peat soil has a positive
relationship with Cation Exchange Capacity. (r = 99) (Figure 3d). The cation
exchange rate in dominant peat soil is very high (90-200 cmol
( +) kg -1). This
negative value is caused because the negative charge depends on the pH which is
mostly the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of phenol. The negative charge of peat
completely depends on the pH value. If the pH value is increased, the CEC value
will automatically increase (Hartati, Wardoyo, Harjoko, Palembang-prabumulih, & Ilir, 2011)
CONCLUSION
Peatlands
designated for oil palm plantations cause changes in the physical and chemical
properties of peat soils. Changes in the physical properties of peat soil are
indicated by the color of the peat soil which changes from very dull red in
natural peat forest to reddish black in oil palm plantations. Peat maturity
changes from fibric in natural peat forest to hemic and sapric on peatland
designated for oil palm plantations. The water content has decreased
significantly, the older the age of the oil palm plant, the water content will
decrease. In terms of bulk density, the older the age of oil palm plantations,
the higher the density of peat soils. The water level in oil palm plantations has
increased when compared to natural peat forests. Changes in chemical properties
were indicated by an increase in peat soil pH, N-total, and available P, while
a decrease occurred in the C-Organic content. An increase also occurred in the
content of K-dd, Ca-dd, Mg-dd, Na-dd, and CEC along with the age of oil palm
plantations.
When viewed from
the relationship pattern of each physical characteristic, water content has a
positive relationship with fiber content, the higher the water content will be
followed by the higher fiber content or vice versa. Bulk density has a negative
relationship with fiber content and moisture content, which means that an
increase in bulk density of peat soil will be followed by a decrease in fiber
content and moisture content. The relationship pattern of chemical properties
shows that the pH (H2O) of peat soil has a positive relationship with organic
C, total N, available P, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). The high or low
acidity of peat will be proportional to the high or low -organic, total N,
available P, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC).
REFERENCES
Agus, Fahmuddin, & Subiksa,
I. G. Made. (2008). Lahan Gambut: Potensi Untuk Pertanian Dan
Aspek Lingkungan. Balai Penelitian Tanah.
Andriesse, J. P. (2003).
Ekologi Dan Pengelolaan Tanah Gambut Tropika. Cahyo Wibowo Dan Istomo [Penerjemah].
Bogor. Fakultas Kehutanan. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
AR, Arsyad, Junedi, Heri,
& Farni, Yulfita. (2012). Pemupukan Kelapa Sawit Berdasarkan
Potensi Produksi Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) Pada Lahan
Marginal Kumpeh. Jurnal Penelitian Universitas Jambi Seri Sains., 14(1),
29�36.
Barros, Lillian, Baptista, Paula,
& Ferreira, Isabel C. F. R. (2007). Effect Of Lactarius Piperatus
Fruiting Body Maturity Stage On Antioxidant Activity Measured By Several
Biochemical Assays. Food And Chemical Toxicology, 45(9),
1731�1737.
Dariah, A., & Nurida, N. L.
(2011). Formula Pembenah Tanah Diperkaya Senyawa Humat Untuk
Meningkatkan Produktivitas Tanah Ultisol Taman Bogo, Lampung. Jurnal Tanah Dan
Iklim, 33(1), 33�38.
Del Grosso, Stephen, Parton, William, Stohlgren, Thomas, Zheng, Daolan, Bachelet,
Dominique, Prince, Stephen, Hibbard, Kathy, & Olson, Richard. (2008). Global
Potential Net Primary Production Predicted From Vegetation Class, Precipitation,
And Temperature. Ecology, 89(8), 2117�2126.
Dixon, R. A., Harrison, M. J.,
& Lamb, C. J. (1994). Early Events In The Activation Of Plant
Defense Responses. Annual Review Of Phytopathology, 32(1),
479�501.
Egoh, Benis, Rouget, Mathieu, Reyers,
Belinda, Knight, Andrew T., Cowling, Richard M., Van Jaarsveld, Albert S.,
& Welz, Adam. (2007). Integrating Ecosystem Services Into
Conservation Assessments: A Review. Ecological Economics, 63(4),
714�721.
Elon, Amos. (2011).
Founder: Meyer Amschel Rothschild And His Time. Faber & Faber.
Fitzherbert, Emily B., Struebig,
Matthew J., Morel, Alexandra, Danielsen, Finn, Br�hl, Carsten A., Donald, Paul
F., & Phalan, Ben. (2008). How Will Oil Palm Expansion Affect
Biodiversity? Trends In Ecology & Evolution, 23(10), 538�545.
Galbraith, Rex F. (2005).
Statistics For Fission Track Analysis. Chapman And Hall/CRC.
Ghufron, M. Nur, & Risnawita, Rini. (2010). Teori-Teori Psikologi. Yogyakarta:
Arruz Media. Handayani, Sriwiroro Retno Indah Dan Suharman. 2012. Konsep Diri, Stress,
Dan Prokrastinasi Akademik Pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 1(2).
Hartati, Sri, Wardoyo, Retantyo,
Harjoko, Agus, Palembang-Prabumulih, Jl, & Ilir, Ogan. (2011). Electre
Methods In Solving Group Decision Support System Bioinformatics On Gene
Mutation Detection Simulation.
H�ttenschwiler, Stephan, Coq, Sylvain,
Barantal, Sandra, & Handa, Ira Tanya. (2011). Leaf Traits And
Decomposition In Tropical Rainforests: Revisiting Some Commonly Held Views And
Towards A New Hypothesis. Wiley Online Library.
Heryanto, Wahyunto And B.
(2005). Peat Distribution And Current Status In Sumatra. In. CCFPI
. Wise Use Of Peatlands For Sustainable Benefits. Pekanbaru. Wetlands
International-Indonesia Programs. Bogor.
Hooijer, Aljosja, Silvius, Marcel,
W�sten, Henk, Page, Susan, Hooijer, A., Silvius, M., W�sten, H., & Page, S.
(2006). PEAT-CO2. Assessment Of CO2 Emissions From Drained
Peatlands In SE Asia, Delft Hydraulics Report Q, 3943.
Houghton, John. (2005). Global
Warming. Reports On Progress In Physics, 68(6), 1343.
Istomo, I. (2006). Kandungan
Fosfor Dan Kalsium Pada Tanah Dan Biomassa Hutan Rawa Gambut (Studi Kasus Di Wilayah
HPH PT. Diamond Raya Timber, Bagan Siapi-Api, Provinsi Riau). Jurnal
Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 12(3).
Masganti, Masganti. (2013).
Teknologi Inovatif Pengelolaan Lahan Suboptimal Gambut Dan Sulfat Masam Untuk
Peningkatan Produksi Tanaman Pangan. Pengembangan Inovasi Pertanian, 6(4),
187�197.
Miettinen, Jukka, Shi, Chenghua,
& Liew, Soo Chin. (2012). Two Decades Of Destruction In Southeast
Asia�s Peat Swamp Forests. Frontiers In Ecology And The Environment, 10(3),
124�128.
Najiyati, Sri, Muslihat, Lili,
& Suryadiputra, I. Nyoman N. (2005). Panduan Pengelolaan
Lahan Gambut Untuk Pertanian Berkelanjutan. Wetlands International.
Noor, M. (2001). Peatland Agriculture. Jakarta: Potential And Constraints.
Canisius Publisher.
Nugroho, Ahir Yugo. (2017).
Pembuatan Aplikasi Kriptografi Algoritma Base 64 Menggunakan Php Untuk
Mengamankan Data Text. Seminar Nasional Informatika (Snif), 1(1),
134�139.
Oksana, Oksana, Irfan, Mokhamad,
& Huda, Uiyal. (2012). Pengaruh Alih Fungsi Lahan Hutan Menjadi
Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Terhadapsifat Kimia Tanah. Jurnal Agroteknologi,
3(1), 29�34.
Olafisoye, O. B., Fatoki, Olalekan
S., Oguntibeju, O. O., & Osibote, O. A. (2020). Accumulation And
Risk Assessment Of Metals In Palm Oil Cultivated On Contaminated Oil Palm
Plantation Soils. Toxicology Reports, 7, 324�334.
Pan, Yong. (2011). Mitochondria,
Reactive Oxygen Species, And Chronological Aging: A Message From Yeast. Experimental
Gerontology, 46(11), 847�852.
Risza, Suyatno. (2008).
Kelapa Sawit Dan Upaya Peningkatan Produktivitas. Penerbit Kanisius. Jakarta.
Riwandi. (2003). Peat Stability Indicator Based On Analysis Of Organic
Carbon Loss, Physicochemical Properties And Composition Of Peat Materials. Journal.
UNIB Research.
Sabiham, Supiandi, & Pramudya,
Bambang. (2010). Analisis Lingkungan Biofisik Lahan Gambut Pada
Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. Jurnal Hidrolitan.
Sodhi, Navjot S., Koh, Lian Pin, Brook, Barry W., & Ng, Peter K. L.
(2004). Southeast Asian Biodiversity: An Impending Disaster. Trends In Ecology
& Evolution, 19(12), 654�660.
Staff, Soil Survey. (2003). Key To Soil Taxonomy. 9th Edition. United
States Department Of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Subagyono, Kasdi, Marwanto, Setiari,
& Kurnia, Undang. (2003). Teknik Konservasi Tanah Secara
Vegetatif. Balai Penelitian Tanah.
Subandar, I. (2011).
Beberapa Alternatif Tanaman Pertanian Pada Lahan Gambut Di Indonesia. Jurnal
Sintech, 3(04), 34�40.
Suswati, Denah, Hendro, Bambang,
Shiddieq, Shiddieq, & Indradewa, Didik. (2011). Identifikasi Sifat
Fisik Lahan Gambut Rasau Jaya III Kabupaten Kubu Raya Untuk Pengembangan
Jagung. Perkebunan Dan Lahan Tropika, 1(2), 31�41.
Suwondo, Suwondo, Sabiham, Supiandi,
Sumardjo, Sumardjo, & Paramudya, Bambang. (2012). Efek Pembukaan
Lahan Terhadap Karakteristik Biofisik Gambut Pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Di
Kabupaten Bengkalis. Jurnal Natur Indonesia, 14(1), 143�149.
Wang, Xudong, Hahn, Seungyong,
Kim, Youngjae, Bascu��n, Juan, Voccio, John, Lee, Haigun, & Iwasa, Yukikazu.
(2013). Turn-To-Turn Contact Characteristics For An Equivalent
Circuit Model Of No-Insulation Rebco Pancake Coil. Superconductor Science And
Technology, 26(3), 35012.
Wilcove, David S., Giam, Xingli,
Edwards, David P., Fisher, Brendan, & Koh, Lian Pin. (2013). Navjot�s
Nightmare Revisited: Logging, Agriculture, And Biodiversity In Southeast Asia. Trends
In Ecology & Evolution, 28(9), 531�540.
Winarno, Budi. (2012).
Kebijakan Publik: Teori, Proses, Dan Studi Kasus: Edisi Dan Revisi Terbaru.
Center For Academic Publishing Service.
Copyright
holders:
Reni Rahmawati, Penyang, Eritha K. Firdara, Yusintha T, Rosdiana, Patricia E. Putir (2022)
First
publication right:
Devotion
- Journal of Research and Community Service
This
article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International
