ANALYSIS OF THE
IMPACT OF BONE SUGAR FACTORY WASTE WATER ON QUALITY OF TEKO RIVER WATER
Andi Zulfikar Efendy, Muhammad Farid Samawi, Maming
Universitas Hasanuddin,
Makassar, Indonesia
E-mail:
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
|
KEYWORDS Water
Quality Status, Teko River, Bone Sugar Factory Effluent. |
ABSTRACT The Bone sugar factory
discharges its liquid waste into the Teko River water body. The Teko River is
widely used for agricultural and fishery purposes, so it is necessary to
maintain the quality of the water to suit its designation. Liquid waste from
the Bone sugar factory can affect the water quality of the Teko River. The
purpose of this study was to determine the water quality status of the Teko
River due to the discharge of waste water from the Bone sugar factory.
Observations were made on the water body of the Teko River from the up stream
and down stream of the disposal of sugar factory wastewater at 3 stations.
Station 1 is the point before the discharge of wastewater, station 2 is the
point of discharge of wastewater and station 3 is the point after discharge
of wastewater, the recipient of the impact. The results of the research
conducted on the Teko river water body showed that the status of water
quality at station 1 was the category of lightly polluted, station 2 was in
the category of lightly polluted and station 3 was in the category of meeting
quality standards. Determination of water quality using the Pollution Index
method according to Minister of Environment Decree Number 115 of 2003 using
class II river water quality standards according to Government Regulation
Number 22 of 2021 |
INTRODUCTION
The thing that underlies this research is the
potential for river water pollution due to the discharge of liquid waste from
the sugar factory industry. According to Ningrum (2010), raw materials in the
sugar production process use organic materials, resulting in liquid waste
containing lots of organic substances. If the conditions for the quality of the
liquid waste do not meet the requirements, it will lead to the formation of
metabolites which are toxic to organisms in the waters, so there will be a
decrease in quality (Ningrum, 2018).
Water is a natural resource that is needed for the
livelihood of many people, even by all living things. Not all of the available
water can be utilized, because water containing chemicals that are not in
accordance with standards tends to cause new problems. Therefore, water
resources must be protected so that they can be utilized properly by humans and
other living things (Effendi,
2003).
Based on Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021
concerning Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management, water
class is divided into 4 as follows:
a.
Class one is water whose designation
can be used for raw drinking water, and/or other designations that require the
same quality of water as that use.
b.
Class two is water
whose designation can be used for water recreation infrastructure/facilities,
freshwater fish cultivation, animal husbandry, water for irrigating
plantations, and/or other uses that require the same water quality as those
uses.
c.
Class three is water
whose allotment can be used for freshwater fish cultivation, animal husbandry,
water for irrigating plants, and/or other uses that require the same water
quality as that use.
d.
Class four is water
whose designation can be used to irrigate plantations and/or other uses that
require the same quality of water as that use.
One source of water that is widely
used is river water. For this reason, it is important to maintain the quality
of the river water. These water uses can be carried out if the physical,
chemical and biological criteria are acceptable. According to Darmono (2001),
almost every day rivers around the world receive large amounts of sediment
inflow both naturally, industrial discharges from household waste, surface
water flows, urban areas, and agriculture.
All human activities in fulfilling
their life needs such as industrial, household and agricultural activities will
produce waste which contributes to a decrease in river water quality (Suriawiria, 2003).
One of the industrial activities in Arasoe village, China district, Bone district is the Bone
sugar factory. This sugar factory waste after being treated with WWTP is
discharged into a body of water, namely the Teko River. This activity can affect
the quality of the river water.
The Bone sugar factory is a sugar
factory located in Arasoe Village, China District,
Bone Regency. Bone Sugar Factory is a sugar cane-based industry. In this
industrial operation includes plantation activities (On Farm) and production
process activities (Off Farm). The production process is at the bone sugar
factory which has a factory capacity of 2,400 Ton Can/Day (TCD) (Bone Sugar
Factory IPLC technical standard document, 2022). In the framework of managing
and protecting the environment, before being released into the environment,
waste water from the Bone sugar factory must meet the quality standards for
wastewater for the sugar industry according to South Sulawesi Governor
Regulation Number 69 of 2010.
The main parameters for sugar cane
milling and sugar refining are BOD, COD, TSS, and pH which is the degree of
acidity of a substance with the normal pH specification of water being 6 � 8
(EMDI-BAPPEDAL, 1994). According to Isyuniarto & Andrianto (2009) in Rusdiana (2020), the liquid waste of the sugar industry
generally does not contain hazardous and toxic waste, but this waste can
increase levels of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen
Demand), and TSS (Total Suspended Solid) so that it is necessary to handle this
waste. According to Hampannavar and Shivayogimath (2010)
explained
that in general the characteristics of liquid waste produced by the sugar
industry have a pH value between 5.2-6.5, COD between 1,000-4,340 mg/L, BOD
between 350-2,750 mg/L and TSS between 760-800 mg/L.
Based on the description above, a
study will be carried out to determine the effect of Bone sugar factory
wastewater discharge on Teko river water quality by analyzing the status of
Teko River water quality in the upstream and downstream of Bone sugar factory
wastewater discharge at 3 stations.
RESEARCH METHODS
Time and
Location of Research
The
research was conducted in the water body of the Teko River, Bone Regency. This
research was conducted in October-December 2022. This research map of research
locations can be seen in Figure 1.
Picture
1
� Research Location Map
Sample
Water samples in water bodies are sample water bodies of water from the up stream and down stream streams
that are flowed by the sugar factory liquid waste disposal with a total sample
of 3 stations. The research sampling point is as follows:
1. Up stream sampling point, before wastewater enters the Teko river water body
(Station 1)
2. Sampling point at the outfall, waste water disposal at
the Teko River water body (Station 2)
3. Sampling point on the downstream, after the wastewater
enters the Teko river water body, the recipient of the impact (Station 3)
Figure
2
Schematic
of Sampling Points
Tools and materials
�������� The tools used are stationery, GPS
(Global Positioning System), tape measure, current meter, sample bottles,
sampling tools and river water, and tools used to analyze samples in the
laboratory.
The
materials used to analyze the parameters of TSS (Total Suspended Solid), BOD5
(Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), pH, sulfide as H2S,
oil and grease in the laboratory as well as supporting data from google earth.
Data
collection technique
In this
study, there are two types of data to be collected, namely primary data and
secondary data. Primary data is data that is directly collected from the field
from the object under study, while secondary data is supporting data that is
not obtained from direct observation in the field either in the form of annual
reports or in the form of other publications from related agencies.
Data analysis
Data analysis used descriptive analysis method to determine river water
quality. Water quality status uses the pollution index according to Minister of
Environment Decree Number 115 of 2003 Appendix II based on river water quality
standards according to Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 concerning
Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management in table 1.
Differences in observation stations using ANOVA analysis
Table 1
River Water Quality Standards and the Like
|
No |
Parameter |
Unit |
Class 1 |
Class 2 |
Class 3 |
Class 4 |
|
1 |
Total
Suspended Solid |
mg/L |
40 |
50 |
100 |
400 |
|
2 |
Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) |
mg/L |
10 |
25 |
40 |
80 |
|
3 |
Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
mg/L |
2 |
3 |
6 |
12 |
|
4 |
pH |
- |
6-9 |
6-9 |
6-9 |
6-9 |
|
5 |
Sulfida sebagai H2S |
mg/L |
0.002 |
0.002 |
0.002 |
- |
|
6 |
Minyak dan Lemak |
mg/L |
1 |
1 |
1 |
10 |
Source: PP
No. 22 of 2021 Appendix VI
The Pollution Index is one of the methods in
determining the status of water quality that is used to determine the level of
pollution relative to water quality parameters where the index is determined
from the resultant maximum value and the average value of the concentration
ratio per parameter to the quality standard value (Nemerow
and Sumitomo, 1970 ).
�������������������������������������
Where: (Ci/Lij) M is the
maximum value of Ci/Lij
(Ci/Lij) R is the average
value of Ci/Lij
Determination of the
status of water quality is based on the calculation results of the Pollution
Index which is evaluated based on table 2 as follows:
Table 2
Determination of water
quality status by Pollution Index method
|
No |
Nilai |
Status Mutu Air |
|
1 |
0 ≤ PIj
≤ 1,0 |
memenuhi baku mutu |
|
2 |
1 ˂ PIj
≤ 5,0 |
cemar ringan |
|
3 |
5,0 ˂ PIj
≤ 10 |
cemar sedang |
|
4 |
PIj >
10 |
Cemar berat |
Source: Minister of
Environment Decree No. 115 of 2003
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
The results of observations made on the Teko river water can be seen in
Table 3 below:
Table 3
Teko River Water
Analysis Results
|
Parameter |
Unit |
Quality standards |
Station 1 |
Station 2 |
Station 3 |
Method |
|
TSS |
mg/L |
50 |
9,33 |
9,67 |
9,67 |
Gravimetri |
|
BOD |
mg/L |
3 |
7,09 |
7,12 |
1,40 |
Winkler |
|
COD |
mg/L |
25 |
18,90 |
18,05 |
3,08 |
Spektrofometri |
|
pH |
|
6-9 |
8,27 |
7,62 |
7,77 |
Potensiometri |
|
Sulfida |
mg/L |
0,002 |
<0,002 |
<0,002 |
<0,002 |
Spektrofometri |
|
Minyak Lemak |
mg/L |
1 |
<0,1 |
<0,1 |
<0,1 |
Spektrofometri |
Total Suspended
Solids
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) is the amount of
suspended solids (mg) in one liter of water. Suspended solids are the cause of
water turbidity, such as fine clay, various types of organic matter, and
microorganism cells. Suspended solids of industrial wastewater vary greatly,
depending on the type of industry. The higher the TSS value, the higher the
level of pollution of a waters (Manik,
2016).
Figure
3
Results
of TSS Parameter Analysis of Teko River Water
Figure 3 shows that the TSS value of water bodies at station 1 is 9.33
mg/L, station 2 is 9.67 mg/L and station 3 is 9.67 mg/L. There was an increase
although not significant at station 2 after the sugar factory wastewater
entered the Teko river. From the results of the analysis
it was found that the condition of each station on the Teko river complied with
class II river water quality standards according to Government Regulation
Number 21 of 2022. The statistical test results using Oneway
Anova obtained a significant value of 0.897 where
α > 0.05 which indicates that there is no real difference in each
observation station.
Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is defined as a measurement of the
reduction in water oxygen levels consumed by living things (organisms) in the
water during a period of five days in the dark (no photosynthesis process
occurs). Reducing oxygen levels is caused by the activities of organisms
(bacteria) consuming or degrading organic compounds and other nutrients found
in water that require oxygen (Situmorang, 2017).
Figure
4
� BOD Parameter Analysis Results of Teko River
Water
Figure 4 shows that the BOD value at station 1 was 7.09 mg/L, station 2
was 7.12 mg/L and station 3 was 1.40 mg/L. There was an increase although not
significant at station 2 after the sugar factory wastewater entered the Teko
river. The BOD values at stations 1 and 2 do not meet the quality standards for
class II river water, Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022, while at station
3 they meet the quality standards. There is a decrease in BOD value from the
previous station. According to Darmono (2001), most rivers can return to normal
from pollution because water currents can accelerate the process of waste
degradation which requires oxygen. This means that degradation occurs
naturally. The statistical test results using Oneway Anova obtained a significant value of 0.001 where α
> 0.05 which indicates that there is a significant difference at the
observation stations. Because there were significant differences, the Post Hoc
Tests Multiple Comparisons were continued to find out which stations were
different. From these results it was found that station 1 had a significant
difference with station 3 and station 2 had a significant difference with
station 3.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Chemical oxygen
demand (COD) is defined as the need for oxygen to oxidize chemical compounds
contained in water. COD testing is carried out to determine the amount of organic compounds that can be oxidized in water
using chemical compounds as a source of oxygen (Situmorang,
2017).
Figure
5
Results
of Analysis of COD Parameters of Teko River Water
Figure 5 shows that the COD value at station 1 was 18.90 mg/L, station 2
was 18.05 mg/L and station 3 was 3.08 mg/L, which means that the three stations
met the quality standard. There was a decrease in COD values at stations 1 to
2, although it was not significant even though the factory wastewater entered
water bodies. This is because there has been natural degradation from station 1
until before the wastewater enters the water body. At station 4 the COD value
decreased significantly from the previous station to 3.08 mg/L. According to
Darmono (2001), most rivers can return to normal from pollution because water
currents can accelerate the process of waste degradation which requires oxygen.
This means that degradation occurs naturally. The results of statistical tests
using Oneway Anova obtained
a significant value of 0.000 where α > 0.05 which indicates that there
are significant differences at the observation stations. Because there were
significant differences, the Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons were continued
to find out which stations were different. From these results it was found that
station 1 had a significant difference with station 3 and station 2 had a
significant difference with station 3.
Acidity
The degree of
acidity of water is called pH, including parameters for water quality. Fresh
water from the mountains usually has a higher pH. The
longer the pH of the water will decrease towards an acidic environment. This is
due to the addition of organic matter which then releases CO2 when it
decomposes (Sastrawijaya, 2009).��
Figure 6
Analysis
Results of Teko River Water pH Parameters
����������� Figure
6 shows the pH value at station 1 before mixed with wastewater was 8.27 then at
station 2 it was 7.62, after that at station 3 it was 7.77. These results
indicate the pH value at each station meets the quality standard.
Sulfida
H2S is produced
from the decomposition process of organic materials containing sulfur by
anaerobic bacteria, also as a result of reduction under anaerobic conditions to
sulfate by microorganisms and as a gaseous contaminant released from geothermal
water. The S2- sulfide ion has an amazing affinity for many heavy metals, and
the precipitation of the sulfide metals often accompanies the formation of H2S
(Achmad, 2004).
Figure
7
Sulfide
Parameter Analysis Results
Figure 7 shows the sulfide value at each station of <0.002 mg/L,
meeting the class II river water quality standard of 0.002 mg/L according to
Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022.
Oil and fat
Oil and grease are
contaminants that are commonly found in various waters. Oil does not dissolve
in water so the oil will float on the surface of the polluted water. All types
of oil contain volatile compounds that evaporate quickly. Within 3-7 days as
much as 25% of the oil volume will evaporate and the rest will experience
emulsifier. Furthermore, the oil emulsion will be degraded through oxidation,
either by photo-oxidation or by microbes. The overhaul of oil emulsions is
mostly carried out by microbes and within 3-4 months, only 15-20 percent of the
volume of oil remains that contaminates waters (Manik,
2016).
Fat is an organic
compound that is relatively stable and difficult to decompose by bacteria. Fats
can be broken down by acidic compounds, which produce fatty acids or glycerin.
In an alkaline state, glycerin will be released and from fatty acids a basic
salt is formed. This basic salt is known as soap, which is also relatively
stable like fat (Manik 2016).
Figure
8
Results
of Analysis of Oil and Fat Parameters
Figure 8 shows that the value of oil and grease at each station is
<0.1 mg/L, meeting the class II river water quality standard of 1 mg/L
according to Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022.
Water Quality Status
Conditions The
quality of water from one place to another is not the same because it is
influenced by several factors. Basically the factors
that influence the condition of water quality in an area/place are natural
factors and artificial factors (human activity). Natural factors include
climate, geology/rock, and vegetation. For artificial factors, more to human
activities such as domestic waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, and
various other human activities. In addition to the two factors above, water
quality is also affected by time. The factors that affect water quality as
mentioned include various processes in it that affect the chemical composition
of waters. There are so many processes in nature that affect the conditions and
chemical composition of a water source (Sudarmadji,
2016).
In this study,
determining the status of water quality using the Pollution Index method. This
method is used to determine the level of pollution relative to water quality
parameters where the index is determined from the resultant maximum value and
the average value of the concentration ratio per parameter to the quality
standard value. The results of the analysis can be seen in the status of water
quality at each station in the following table 4:
Table 4
Water quality status
at each sampling point
|
No |
Sampling Point |
Mark IP |
Water Quality Status |
|
1 |
Station 1 |
1,810 |
light black |
|
2 |
Station 2 |
1,798 |
light black |
|
3 |
Station 3 |
0,725 |
Fulfill |
The results showed that the status of water quality in the Teko river at
stations 1 and 2 did not experience a change in water quality status, meaning
that the impact of waste water from the Bone sugar factory did not affect the
quality of Teko river water in terms of water quality status. Based on data
from the Bone Regency Environmental Service, which conducts regular monitoring,
the water quality status of the Teko river in 2022 at the point of periodic
monitoring carried out by the Bone Regency Environmental Service is in the
category of fulfilling while at station 1 the category is lightly polluted,
which means that there has been a change in water quality status from fills to
lightly polluted. From the periodic monitoring point to station 1 of the Teko
river through agricultural areas, community settlements and there is industry X
which also discharges its waste water into the Teko river water body. Whereas
at station 3, the water quality status is in the fulfilling category. This
means that the Teko River can still naturally degrade natural pollutants so
that it can return to normal conditions. This is according to Darmono (2001)
that most rivers can return to normal from pollution because water currents can
accelerate the process of waste degradation which requires oxygen..
CONCLUSION
The results of
research conducted on the water body of the Teko River obtained the status of
water quality at station 1 in the category of lightly polluted, station 2 in
the category of lightly polluted and station 3 in the category of meeting
quality standards.
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Copyright holders:
Andi Zulfikar Efendy, Muhammad Farid Samawi, Maming (2022)
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Devotion - Journal of Research and Community Service
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