Volume 3, Number 14, December 2022 e-ISSN: 2797-6068 and p-ISSN: 2777-0915
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS
CAUSING VARIATION ORDER IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS OF PT. TATAMULIA
NUSANTARA INDAH SURABAYA BRANCH
OFFICE 2018-2022 PERIOD
Mohammad Ali Imron, Hanie Teki Tjendani, Budi Witjaksana
Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya, Indonesia
Email: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
|
KEYWORDS Consultant
Incompetence, Material Problems, Variation orders |
ABSTRACT One of the significant problems that occur during the construction
management process of a project is the scope change or variation orders.
Based on this background, the research problem is regarding the factors
causing the change in scope (variation order). The research objective was to
analyze the partial influence of consultant incompetence and material
problems on variation orders. The research was conducted at the Grand Mercure
Malang Hotel and the research will be carried out in 2022. The measurement of
the five research variables is a subjective measurement. Related to this
research, 25 previous studies that are relevant to the 2016-2021 publication
period are described. The theoretical basis presented is variation order,
consultant incompetence, and material problems. The research hypothesis is
that the two independent variables are partially thought to influence
variation order. Quantitative research approach. The research location is at
the Grand Mercure Malang Hotel in Malang � East Java. The time of the
research is a one-time study, namely 2022. The research population is all
employees who are directly related to construction projects. The sampling
technique uses non-probability sampling, in this case incidental sampling.
Data collection techniques through surveys. The research instrument was a
questionnaire with a Likert scale of 1-6. Data analysis techniques include
descriptive analysis techniques, and SEM-PLS. The results of the study show
that the incompetence of consultants and material problems partially affect
the Variation Order positively and significantly |
INTRODUCTION
Project construction
involve various activity details and lots stakeholders
interests, so condition tend complex, and engenders various problem. one
problem significant happened during the management process construction
something project is change or variation room scope (variation orders). Change
room scope has Becomes near phenomenon considered permanent in the sector
construction around the world. Change or variation room scope interpreted as
deletion, addition, or other amendments to the scope beginning an originating
tender from adjustment duration contract beginning or cost given contract.
Variation room scope could also interpreted as change
scope as variance on what was designed and what actually was applied. Change
scope is variation in every modifications to the guidelines given contract to
contractor by owner or representative owner (Ali & Majeed, 2020). Suggests that there
is change or variation room the scope of what happened informally in the field,
but also exists variation formal work. Variation room usually a formal nature
use document officially used for change signed agreement after agreement
previously accepted by clients or representative client. Document addition the
Becomes part from document official project. (Memon et al., 2014) define
order variation as agreement signed official between contracting parties which
include addition, deletion, or evaluation to contract tender document, also
identify deviation in duration and amount, volume, and nature profession in
contract. (Arain & Pheng, 2005) as well (Halwatura & Ranasinghe, 2013)
also defines same thing about variation scope job.
problem change room
scope (variation order) is experienced many contractor,
no with the exception of PT Tata Mulia Nusantara
Indah or more known as PT. SYSTEM. is moving company in field contractor office
general contractor headquartered in Jakarta and has office branches in Surabaya
and Bali. Study this only focusing on projects handled by PT. Tata Mulia Nusantara Indah Surabaya branch office. as presented
in the Appendix, there are 15 projects managed by PT. Tata Mulia
Nusantara Indah Surabaya branch which is the location the project part big
located in the city of Surabaya. Most project including category building tall
or high-rise buildings.
Projects construction
handled by PT. Office layout Surabaya branch on span processing from 2018 to
2022. Following the projects in question:
Extention Hospital, having its address at Jl. Crouch Industry, Surabaya.
Completion: Ongoing (15 months).
Office & Warehouse
PT Asian Bearindo Jaya, having its address at Jl. Tanjung Sari No. 19, Surabaya. Completion: Ongoing (15
months)
Garuda Project, address
Buluklawang, Malang, East Java. Completion: Ongoing
(13 months)
Grha DSN, having its address at Jl. island
West Ayang, Industrial Area island Gadung, Jakarta. Completion: Ongoing (13 months).
Earth Raya City Mall,
having its address at Jl. Artery Supandio, Pontianak,
Completion: Ongoing (25 months).
School Ipeka Makassar II, having its address at Center Point of
Indonesia, Citrland City, Makassar, South Sulawesi. Completion:
Ongoing (11 months).
Factory Sugarcane
Processing PT Muria Sumba Manis, having its address
at Wanga Village, Waingapu, East Sumba, NTT.
Completion: Ongoing (16 months).
Ciputra World Surabaya Phase 3, having its address at Jl. Major General Sungkono No. 87, Surabaya. Completion: Ongoing (46 months)
One Galaxy Mixed Used
Development Surtabaya Phase 1, having its address at
Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno No. 178, Surabaya. Completion status: May 2022
Hotel Grand Mercure
Malang, having its address at Jl. R. Panji Soeroso,
Malang, East Java. Completion status: February 2022
BCA KCU Bukit Darmo, having its address at Jl. Darmo
Boulevard Hill, Surabaya. Completion: December 2021.
Corn Dryer Plant- Lamongan ,
having its address at Desa Tlogoretno
, District Brondong , Lamongan
, East Java . Completion: 2021
Spazio Tower 2, having its address at Jl. Major General Yono Soewoyo Kav
55, Surabaya. Completion: July 2019
Tong Tji factory, address at Jl. Padaharaja
KM 4, Tegal. Completion: 2019.
Elyon Christian School Building, address at Jl. Raya Darmo
Permai II No. 2A, Surabaya. CompletionL
2018.
Of the 15 projects the
handled by the stakeholders relative importance
professional, however problem construction, incl change room fixed scope
(variation order). no can abolished same once. According to description some
source trusted at PT. Tata Mulia Nusantara Indah
office Surabaya branch, change room scope almost always there in every project
handled construction.
There is change room
scope (variation order) on each project the experienced by employees of PT.
Tata Mulia Nusantara Indah office Surabaya branch.
Though only is office branch, PT. Tata Mulia
Nusantara Indah office Surabaya branch involve thousand employees spread over
15 projects the. Temporary that employee stay in office branch that's what the
job is relate live with profession construction is 326 employees.Interesting for knowing more carry on about
phenomenon� happening room scope, and
what cause, with do study to employees the.
�� Study earlier (Kanda et al., 2016) (Mohammed, 2016)
(Choudhry et al., 2017); (Oladiran et al., 2018); (Ogunsanmi, 2018);
(Adu et al., 2020);
(Pokharel & Joshi, 2020) proved
influence Incompetence Consultant to the occurrence of Variation Orders. Study
previously (Desyardi et al., 2019)
proved that Material issues matter to the occurrence of Variation Orders.
Based on background
behind such, then done study this with title " Analysis Factor Causes of
Variation Order in Projects Construction PT. Tata Mulia
Nusantara Indah Surabaya Branch Office Period 2018-2022�.
Formula Problem
Based on background
behind such, then problem study is about factor reason happening change room
scope (variation order). Refer to research before, then in between reason
change room scope (variation order) is Incompetence Consultants, and Material
issues. Study this want test is second variable independent the effect on
change room scope (variation order) on projects construction PT. Tata Mulia Nusantara Indah Surabaya branch office 2018-2022
period.
Study Previously
�� There is a number study relevant past with
study this, ie about change
room scope (variation order). There is study earlier with range time between
2019 to 2020, with focus different research. There is study previously
discussed about cause and effect of variation order such as study (Adu et al., 2020),
(Pokharel & Joshi, 2020),
(Ali & Majeed, 2020), (Abou Chakra, 2019), (Thani et al., 2018),
(Oladiran et al., 2018), (Johnson & Babu, 2020).
Equality studies
earlier the with study this is you're welcome about change room scope.
Temporary difference study earlier with study this more located on site research, Researches too late not yet someone does
study with studies the case of PT TATA Surabaya Branch. Temporary that studies
earlier take
�
Theoretical Study
Variation Order
Variation order in
project construction could form addition or reduction in the volume of work
listed in contract, addition or subtraction type work and change specification
technical in accordance with need field. Change this has resulted change in
scheduling profession project and swelling cost. Variation orders are frequent
thing happened to the project building and construction civil. Variation orders
are practiced eccentricity in a number of scheme from
agreement base or scope same task agreed upon duration contract. This is
contract written between the parties symbolic
construction profession extras, omissions, or consideration repeat to document
agreement, identify change price and time and explained character the tasks
involved. Change order increase for the source changed which is the reason
certain could predicted and the left no predicted (Gobana & Thakur, 2017)
Agreement Among owner
and contractor for confirm change plan and amount compensation cost to the
contractor happened During construction, after signing profession Among owner
and contractor. Meaning of Variation Orders, among others: 1. Changing plan
contract with method payment special. 2. Change specification work, incl change
payment and time contract from before. 3. Consent addition profession new, deep
matter this including payments and changes contract. 4. Interests
administrative in determine method payment profession addition or addition. 5.
Following adjustment price unit contract if occur change specification. 6.
Submission proposal subtraction incentive if there is change value engineering
proposal. 7. Customize timetable project because change. 8. Avoid dispute Among
contractors and owners
Consultant Planner
Consultant planner have
connection tight with variation orders. Consultant role planner in relationship
with variation order, among others related with change specific by the
consultant (change in specification by consultant). Change design by consultant
this can happens on stage construction going on (Hassan & Ali, (2020).
Consultant can role in resulting in a variation order when occur discrepancy
design with regulation government (non-compliance of design with government
regulation) (Adu et al., 2020). Factor consultant
planner could affecting variation order is also
related with weakness communication Among consultant planner with contractor.
Consultant planner role create site instructions (SI) for make plan in
variation orders.
�� Factor acting consultant in the variation order occurs design made
they too complex so that could raises error in
implement final design need corrected and gives rise to a variation order.
Another factor of the consultant who caused the variation order was lack of
knowledge the knowledge you have consultant planner so it's wrong interpret the
terms of reference (TOR) of project (Ali & Majeed, 2020).
Materials Problem
Lack of data can lead
to misinterpretation of requirements actually from something project. otherwise there is enough data available for consultant so
design more based on perception consultant that alone about requirements
project. If perception this is wrong, then variation will happened.
One of them is replacement materials.
Replacement ingredient
or procedure work could cause change During Step construction. Replacement
procedure work also involved change method work). Knowledge about available
materials and equipment is factor urgent for develop comprehensive design. If
consultant have bad knowledge about ingredient or available equipment that can
used in the process of construction, variations more possible occur During Step
construction.
Theme study this is
regarding variation orders. Study this want test variables assumed independence
affect variation orders. because that framework think study this is concerns
how influence variables independent the against variation orders. Variables
independent want tested influence against the variation order is Incompetence
Consultation, and Material Issues. Remember framework think study this is
concerns connection influence fourth variable independent the
to one variable dependent, then study analyzed with multiple linear regression.
Connection second variable independent the to the
variation order appears from Figure 1 below:
�
Figure 1
Framework Think
�
Based on formula
problem, then arranged hypothesis as following:
�� Study earlier (Pokharel & Joshi, 2020) proved
influence Incompetence Consultant to the occurrence of Variation Orders.
because that arranged hypothesis first as following:
Hypothesis 1:
Incompetence Consultant influential positive to the occurrence of a Variation
Order on settlement projects construction building building.
�� Study previously (Desyardi et al., 2019)
proved that Material issues matter to the occurrence of Variation Orders.
because that arranged hypothesis second as following:
Hypothesis 2: Material
Issues have an effect positive to the occurrence of a Variation Order on
settlement projects construction building building.
RESEARCH METHOD
Method study this
is quantitative. Approach quantitative (Creswell, 1998). Population in
study this is whole related employees live with profession construction at PT.
TATA Surabaya Branch Office, totaling 362 people.
Amount the including good employee permanent nor employee contract. The
research location of PT. TATA Surabaya Branch Office. The sampling technique is
non-probability sampling, in matter this is purposive sampling (Cooper
& Schindler, 2014). Sizes sample based on calculation
Slovin is 190 respondents operational
variable on three variable, detailed in Table 1
Table 1
operational Variable
|
No |
Variable |
Indicator |
Measurement Scale |
|
1. |
Variation Order (Jibrin et al., 20-2020; Enhassi,
2010; Nasiru et al, 2015) |
1. Quality change work, quantity work, or timetable
work |
Ordinal Scale (Likert Scale 1-6) 1=Absolutely not agree 2= No agree 3 = Somewhat No Agree 4= Somewhat Agree 5 = Agree 6=Totally agree |
|
2. Quality enhancement work, quantity work, or
timetable work |
|||
|
3. Quality reduction work, quantity work, or
timetable work |
|||
|
2. |
Incompetence Consultants (Hassan
& Ali, 2020). |
1. Complexity of design |
Ordinal Scale (Likert Scale 1-6) 1=Absolutely not agree 2= No agree 3 = Somewhat No Agree 4= Somewhat Agree 5 = Agree 6=Totally agree |
|
2.Design change in the middle implementation project
going on |
|||
|
3. Errors and omissions in design |
|||
|
4. Deadline stages design no fulfilled |
|||
|
5. Less consultants knowledge because negligence in
the TORs |
|||
|
6. Detailed pictures are not adequate |
|||
|
7. Lack of coordination with other party inside Step
design |
|||
|
8. Inconsistency between documents so that cause
conflict between documents contract |
|||
|
9. Failure to run terms of reference (TOR) |
|||
|
3. |
Material Problems (Desyadi et al., 2019). |
1. Unavailability/ scarcity materials on the market |
Ordinal Scale (Likert Scale 1-6) 1=Absolutely not agree 2= No agree 3 = Somewhat No Agree 4= Somewhat Agree 5 = Agree 6=Totally agree |
|
2. Delay in delivery materia |
|||
|
3.Too much change material specifications |
|||
|
4.Low quality material goods |
|||
|
5.Incompatibility between materials |
Instrument study this arranged based on
operationalization variable from three variable in study this. Instrument study
this use questionnaire with question closed ( close ended questionnaire) (Cooper & Schindler, 2014) use scale odinal , namely a Likert Scale of 1-5 (1 = Very not Agree,
5=Strongly Agree ). Instrument test through validity and reliability test.
Primary data collection techniques through survey,
meanwhile technique secondary data collection through a study desk (Sugiyono, 2014)
Data analysis techniques using technique analysis descriptive, and technique
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, in matter this is PLS-SEM.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Results
1.
PLS-SEM Test Results
a.
Outer model test results
(1)
Reliability indicator test
The results of the
indicator reliability test, of the 17 indicators in the study this, three
indicators among them omitted / removed, because no Fulfill test criteria for indicator reliability, then remaining 14
indicators.
(2)
Discriminant validity test
The
discriminant validity test results show that the cross-loading value of the 14
indicators to variable parent morebig than to
cross-loading value against variable other. Discriminant validity test use Forbnell -Larcker pointed out that whole mark correlation variable Among construct variable
already show number moretall than no the variables.
(3)
Internal consistency test
Internal Consistency test results use composite
Reliability and Cronbach's Alpha.
third mark Composite Reliability and Cronbach's
Alpha is in a position
≥ 0.60, therefore that third variable study this has passed a significant
Internal Consistency test supports Internal
Consistency test.
(4) Convergent
validity test
Average Variance Extracted (AVE) Value from
third variable has Fulfill criteria testing convergent validity, ie have value above 0.5. So that
third variable the stated has passed the convergent validity test.
b.
Inner model test results
(1) �Coefficient determination (R2)
mark coefficient R square effect Incompetence
Consultants and Material Issues simultaneous to the Variation Order is 0.364 or
36.4%. this show that the model is worth medium. Means second variable
independent (Incompetent Consultants, and Material Issues) can explained variation
orders of 36.4%. Another explanation is explained by variables other
independent outside Incompetent Consultants and Material Issues.
(2) Hypothesis
Test Results
Based on
results research and with consider formula problem, and hypothesis research,
then could concluded that:
1.
Incompetence Consultant influence positive and significant against Variation Orders. The magnitude mark influence Incompetence Consultant to the Variation
Order is 0.275 or 27.5%. Influential positive means when occur increase in incompetence
Consultant as big one unit, then the Variation Order also increases, with
enhancement of 27.5% of enhancement one unit on Incompetence Consultant. That
influence Incompetence Consultant to the Variation Order is significant,
because t value (3.593) morebig of the critical t
(1.96), and the p value (0.000) is greater small than mark alpha 0.05. With
thereby
hypothesis first proven. hypothesis first
reads " Incompetent Consultant influential positive to happening Variation Order on completion projects construction
building building.�
2.
Materials Problem
influential positive and significant to Variation.
Means hypothesis second proven. The magnitude
mark influence The Material Issue to the Variation
Order is 0.371 or 37.1%. Influential positive means when occur increase in
Material Issues by one unit, then the Variation Order also increases, with
enhancement of 37.1% of enhancement one unit on Material Issues. That influence
Material Problems with the Variation Order is significant, because t value (4.968)
morebig of the critical t (1.96), and the p value
(0.000) is greater small than mark alpha 0.05. With thereby
hypothesis second proven. hypothesis second reads �Material problems have an effect positive to happening Variation Order on completion projects construction
building building.�
�
Discussion
Discussion results study this
performed per hypothesis, which means there is two sub - discussions.
����������� Research results this show that
Incompetence Consultant influential positive and significant against Variation
Orders. Research results this support results study before, like results study Study earlier (Kanda
et al., 2016) which
proves influence Incompetence Consultant to the occurrence of Variation Orders.
Variable Variation Order have
the mean value is 4.489. Based on Likert scale interval coefficient table,
numbers the show that majority respondent agree with statements on Variation
Order variables. The highest mean value on the variable Materials problem is
VO2 indicator with value 4.99, which means respondent agree to indicator statement
" Addition quality work, quantity work, or timetable work�.
Remember Incompetence This consultant (Hassan & Ali, 2020). affect
the Variation Order significant, then indicators on Incompetence Consultant (eg variable independent) should
noticed by management. There is nine measuring indicator Materials Problem.
Ninth indicator the are : (1) Complexity design, (2)
Change design in the middle implementation project in progress, (3) Errors and
omissions in design, (4) Stage deadline design no fulfilled, (5) Consultants
not enough knowledge because negligence in TOR, (6) Details pictures that don't
adequate, (7) Lack of coordination with other party inside Step design, (8)
Inconsistency between documents so that cause conflict between documents
contract, (9) Negligence operate terms of
reference (TOR).
Based on results data processing, variables Incompetence Consultant have
the mean value is 4.413. Based on table coefficient
interval Likert scale, number the show that majority respondent rather agree with statements on variables incompetence consultant.
The highest mean value on the variable incompetence consultant is on the IK7
indicator with value 4.83, which means respondent agree to indicator the
statement �Lack of coordination with other party inside Step design�.
����������� Research results this show that
Material Issues effect positive and significant against Variation Orders.
Research results this support results study before, like results study Study previously (Desyardi et
al., 2019) proved that Material Issues effect to the occurrence of Variation
Orders.
����������� Variation Order variable is measured
with three indicators (Jibrin et al., 2020)
namely : (1) Changes quality work, quantity work, or timetable work, (2)
Addition quality work, quantity work, or timetable work, (3) Reduction� quality work , quantity work, or timetable
work. Based on results research the third average value indicator the is 4,489.
the figure show that majority respondent agree with
statements on Variation Order variables. The highest mean value on the variable
material issues is VO2 with value 4.99, which means respondent agree to
indicator statement " Addition quality work, quantity work, or timetable
work�.
����������� Temporary that variable Material
problems have the average value is 4.432. Based on table coefficient interval Likert scale, numbers the show that majority
respondent agree with statements on variables Materials Problem. The highest
mean value on the variable The Material Problem is on the MM5 indicator with
value 4.96, which means respondent agree to indicator statement
�Incompatibility between materials� or there is incompatibility in materials.
Remember This material problem affect
the Variation Order significant, then indicators on Material Issues (eg variable independent) should noticed by management.
There is nine measuring indicator Materials Problem. Ninth indicator the are; (1) Complexity design, (2) Change
design in the middle implementation project in progress, (3) Errors and
omissions in design, (4) Stage deadline design no fulfilled, (5) Consultants
not enough knowledge because negligence in TOR, (6) Details pictures that don't
adequate, (7) Lack of coordination with other party inside Step design, (8)
Inconsistency between documents so that cause conflict between documents
contract, (9) Negligence operate terms of reference (TOR)
CONCLUSION
Based on
results research, then could concluded as following:
Incompetence Consultant
influential positive and significant to Variation Order. Amount mark influence
Incompetence Consultant to the Variation Order is 0.275 or 27.5%.
Material Issues effect positive
and significant against Variations. Means hypothesis second proven. The
magnitude mark influence The Material Issue to the
Variation Order is 0.371 or 37.1%.
Based on results research, got
theoretical / academic advice, as well as practical advice.
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Mohammad Ali Imron, Hanie Teki Tjendani, Budi Witjaksana (2022)
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