Handoko Bayu, Djaka Windarta, Hadiyanto
Universitas Diponegoro,
Semarang, Indonesia
E-mail:
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
|
KEYWORDS energy saving; green building |
ABSTRACT The government through Law
No. 30 of 2007 concerning Energy, seeks to manage the energy sector in
Indonesia in a fair and equitable manner and provide benefits to all
Indonesian people. The pattern of energy consumption which increases every
year in line with the increase in population illustrates that a concerted
effort is needed to increase the reliability of energy supply. This research is a quantitative research conducted by processing
secondary data and observing on site to determine patterns of energy
consumption, recommendations for energy saving opportunities and suitability
of green building criteria . In this study, to obtain data regarding the condition of electricity in
Building A of the Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province, primary data
and secondary data were collected. Primary data was obtained from the results
of a survey that was carried out in Building A of the Regional Secretariat of
Central Java Province by collecting data on the type of Air Conditioner (AC)
load and the lights used, data regarding the building envelope and measuring
the intensity of light in each room which was assisted by a measuring
instrument. Smart Sensor AS803 Digital Lux Meter |
INTRODUCTION
The
government through Law No. 30 of 2007 concerning Energy, seeks to manage the
energy sector in Indonesia in a fair and equitable manner and provide benefits
to all Indonesian people (Hudaya, 2016) . The
pattern of energy consumption which increases every year in line with the
increase in population illustrates that a concerted effort is needed to
increase the reliability of energy supply. Dependence on energy using fossil
fuels has received considerable attention, in addition to the increasingly
depleted condition of fossil energy, the issue of environmental impacts is also
a serious problem in the context of energy supply (Indonesia, 2007) .
Energy
supply by utilizing energy from non-fossil fuels needs to be increased to
reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, energy conservation efforts are
also needed in various sectors, including energy conservation in buildings (Fasya, 2018) . The impact of large building energy
consumption on nature, of course, causes the condition of natural resources,
especially non-renewable sources, to become increasingly scarce and difficult
to access in the coming years. (Magdalena & Tondobala, 2016) .
Energy
conservation is a systematic, planned and integrated effort to conserve
domestic energy resources and increase the efficiency of their utilization (Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia,
2009) . Energy
conservation is carried out through energy management.
Energy
audit is one way of implementing energy management. Energy audits carried out
periodically will provide an overview or profile of energy use in a building as
well as produce recommendations for energy saving opportunities (Oktaviani, n.d.) . Energy audits are generally divided into 3
types namely:
1.
Walkthrough/brief energy audit
2.
Detailed energy audit
3.
Detailed energy audit
The main indicator of energy saving in a building generally uses Energy
Consumption Intensity (IKE). IKE shows the amount of energy consumption (kWh)
per square meter (m2) every month. The IKE figure (kWh/m2/month) is obtained by
dividing the number of kWh of electricity used for a month by the area of the
building used (Sinaga, Sasue, & Hutahaean, 2021) .
In contrast to shopping centers and hotels, the amount of energy used in
offices is influenced by the number of employees and the amount of time/hours
worked by office employees (Rahardjo, nd) . Like other
types of buildings, the main energy-consuming equipment in offices is generally
air conditioning (AC), sockets, lights, transportation systems and utilities.
Based on this, the steps for implementing energy conservation in office
buildings can be applied primarily to air conditioning, the use of office
equipment and lights. Several matters related to the application of energy
conservation in offices include: (Directorate
General of New, Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, 2020) :
1. To reduce the burden of using energy
originating from air conditioning equipment, this can be done by regulating
natural air circulation in buildings, planting natural vegetation and using
efficient air conditioning devices.
2. Optimizing natural lighting,
replacing lamps with LEDs and using automatic sensors can reduce energy
consumption in lighting systems.
3. Building owners are required to
provide education and understanding regarding energy efficiency for building
users. The behavior and habits of office equipment users determine how much
energy consumption is in offices.
Based on
Presidential Instruction No. 13 of 2011, the use of energy and water within
Government/Regional Government agencies, BUMN, and BUMD must be limited,
supervised, and set an example for society (Presidential
Instruction, 2011) . The Central Java Provincial Secretariat is located
in the Central Java Governor's Office complex which is located at Jalan Pahlawan No. 9, Semarang, consists of several main
buildings including Building A, Building B, Building C, Building D, Building E
and Gradhika Bhakti Praja
Building (Abdurrahman,
Pramudya, Sutjahjo, & Tambunan, 2013) .
Building A
Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province has 13 floors which is the
building with the most number of floors owned by the
Provincial Government of Central Java for this type of office building. Based
on the area of the building, Building A of the Central Java Provincial
Secretariat is classified as a large building, namely a building with an area
of at least 5,000 m� (five thousand square meters) including the basement (Semarang
Mayor Regulation, 2019) , Meanwhile, the classification based
on height includes high-rise buildings or buildings with more than 8 (eight)
floors (Government
Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia, 2021) . Energy use
in Building A of the Regional Secretariat uses energy sources from PT. PLN
(Persero) with a subscription power of 1,385 kVA in the tariff group for the
needs of large government offices at medium voltage or with power above 200 kVA
(P2), with a graph of monthly billing data starting in January 2019 in the
following figure:
The graph of
energy consumption based on data on electricity bills in Building A of the
Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province still shows a pattern of
fluctuating energy consumption. In certain months there is a significant
increase in the cost of electricity bills, whereas when there is a decrease, it
may be due to the influence of the Covid 19 pandemic with the implementation of
the Work From Home work system at certain times or
months.
One way to
implement energy savings is to include the green building concept for office
buildings. Green buildings or green buildings are buildings that meet building
requirements and have significant measurable performance in saving energy,
water and other resources through the application of green building principles
in accordance with their functions and classifications in each stage of their
implementation. (Semarang
Mayor Regulation, 2019) . There are several aspects or
elements that will influence a building to be labeled a green building. These
elements include effective land management, energy saving and energy
conservation use, saving water consumption, selecting the right materials, air
conditioning and creating comfortable indoor air as well as building
environmental management. (Artha,
Tyas, & Murti, 2020) . Of the six elements that greatly affect energy
consumption because it is not only related to the comfort of occupants in space
but is also closely related to economic aspects. Efforts to be able to reduce
the amount of energy consumption in buildings include applying designs that can
reduce energy values such as reducing the percentage of openings, choosing the
right transparent material and adding shading applications.
In
accordance with the mandate contained in Presidential Instruction No. 13 of
2011 which states regarding energy saving steps and innovations in office
buildings and/or buildings managed by the Government, Regional Governments,
BUMN, and BUMD, so with this research it is hoped that it will be able to find
out energy saving opportunities that can be applied in one of the building of
the Regional Government agency, namely in Building A of the Regional
Secretariat of Central Java Province as well as knowing the suitability of
green building criteria.
The
implementation of energy audits on buildings for the Government of Central Java
Province has the benefit of providing an overview of energy use profiles and
recommendations for energy saving opportunities as a reference for building
owners in the context of energy-efficient building management as well as a
reference for Regional Governments in conducting building suitability
assessments based on green building criteria .
RESEARCH METHODS
This research was conducted in building A, the Regional Secretariat
Complex for Central Java Province, which is located at Jalan Pahlawan No. 9, Semarang.
This research is a quantitative
research conducted by processing secondary data and observing on site to
determine patterns of energy consumption, recommendations for energy saving
opportunities and suitability of green building criteria.
This study uses primary data and secondary data. Primary
data is data that is directly obtained from observations, interviews,
measurements and analysis at research locations, while secondary data comes
from a literature review in the form of data that supports analysis related to
research.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
In this study, to
obtain data regarding the condition of electricity in Building A of the
Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province, primary data and secondary data
were collected. Primary data was obtained from the results of a survey that was
carried out in Building A of the Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province
by collecting data on the type of Air Conditioner (AC) load and the lights
used, data regarding the building envelope and measuring the intensity of light
in each room which was assisted by a measuring instrument. Smart Sensor AS803
Digital Lux Meter.
Secondary data was
obtained from documents related to Building A of the Regional Secretariat of
Central Java Province, such as the master plan for Building A of the Regional
Secretariat of Central Java Province. In addition, the secondary data needed to
carry out this research is in the form of a standard that is used as a
reference for improvements in Building A of the Regional Secretariat of Central
Java Province.
Primary data and
secondary data will then be processed using the help of Microsoft software, so
that it can generate existing data on energy consumption in Building A of the
Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province. The existing energy consumption
data will then be compared with standards, to find out potential improvements
that can be implemented in Building A of the Regional Secretariat of Central
Java Province so that it meets green building standards in terms of energy
conservation.
Existing
Data of Building A Regional Secretariat of Central
Java Province
Air System
Building A Regional Secretariat of Central
Java Province uses air conditioning (AC) equipment. Based on the survey
results that have been carried out, the types of air conditioners used in
Building A of the Regional Secretariat of the Province of Central Java are single
split air conditioners and central air conditioners with various
capacities. The following is a table of survey results regarding the types and
types and capacities of air conditioners used in Building A of the Regional
Secretariat of Central Java Province.
|
Volumes (units) |
Power (W) |
Total Power (W) |
|
|
1st � 13 th floor |
|||
|
Split
AC, 17,750 Btu/h |
65 |
1,650 |
107,250 |
|
Split
AC, 18,000 Btu/h |
19 |
1,800 |
34,200 |
|
Split
AC, 19,000 Btu/h |
37 |
2,000 |
74,000 |
|
Standing
floor AC, 42,700 Btu/h |
6 |
4,800 |
28,800 |
|
AC
cassette, 136,500 Btu/h, VRF type |
39 |
10,200 |
397,800 |
|
Total : |
642.050 |
||
COP (Coefficient
of Performance) is an indication of how efficiently the AC unit uses
energy, the greater the COP value, the greater the efficiency of the AC used.
AC value calculation is a comparison of the cooling effect (Q) with work input
(W). The amount of AC COP for each floor in Building A of the Regional
Secretariat of Central Java Province can be seen from the following table.
|
Specification |
COP (Q/W) |
|||
|
Btu/h |
Q |
W |
||
|
Split
AC, 17,750 Btu/h |
18,000 |
5,200 |
1,650 |
3.15 |
|
Split
AC, 18,000 Btu/h |
18,000 |
5,275 |
1,800 |
2.93 |
|
Split
AC, 19,000 Btu/h |
19,000 |
5,280 |
2,000 |
2.64 |
|
Standing
floor AC, 42,700 Btu/h |
42,700 |
12,500 |
4,800 |
2.60 |
|
AC
cassette, 136,500 Btu/h, VRF type |
136,500 |
40,000 |
10,200 |
3.92 |
According to the SNI 6390:2020 standard, the COP of an air conditioner in order to meet green building standards based on energy conservation is a minimum value of 2 for a single split type air conditioner with a capacity of less than 27,000 BTU (AC capacity <27,000 BTU), 4.0 for AC with a single split type with a capacity of more than 27,000 BTU and less than 65,000 BTU (27,000 BTU < AC Capacity < 65,000 BTU) and 3.81 for VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) AC types
Based on this, it
can be seen that based on the results of COP AC calculations in Building A of
the Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province, the air conditioners used in
the building do not meet the standards for green building on the basis of
energy conservation. This is because the COP calculation value for each air
conditioner in Building A of the Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province
is still below the allowable AC standard value, which is 4.2 for a capacity of
less than 27,000 BTU (AC capacity <27,000 BTU) and 4 .0 for air conditioners
with a capacity of more than 27,000 BTU and less than 65,000 BTU (27,000 BTU
< AC Capacity < 65,000 BTU). As for the AC with the VRF type, it already
meets the standards according to SNI. The following table compares the results
of COP AC calculations with the SNI standards used.
|
COP |
Description |
|||
|
calculation |
SNI |
Peraturan Walikota |
||
|
Split
AC, 17,750 Btu/h |
3.15 |
4.20 |
3.70 |
Non standard |
|
Split
AC, 18,000 Btu/h |
2.93 |
4.20 |
3.70 |
Non standard |
|
Split
AC, 19,000 Btu/h |
2.64 |
4.20 |
3.70 |
Non standard |
|
Standing
floor AC, 42,700 Btu/h |
2.60 |
4.0 |
3.70 |
Non standard |
|
AC
cassette, 136,500 Btu/h, VRF type |
3.92 |
3.81 |
3.70 |
Standard |
Lighting System
There are 2 (two)
types of lighting systems used in Building A of the Regional Secretariat of
Central Java Province, namely natural lighting using ventilation and windows
used and artificial lighting using lamps. This chapter will discuss the
comparison of artificial lighting with the density standards permitted by SNI
6197:2020. Following are the existing conditions of the artificial lighting
system used in Building A of the Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province.
A good lighting
system must meet the density standards contained in SNI 6197: 2020 in order to
prevent and reduce work accidents and improve occupational health (K3) for
users of each room. Building A Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province is
included in the category of office buildings. The allowable density standard
for workspaces in office buildings used as a reference for improving the
lighting system in this study is 7.53 W/m2 or the amount of lux allowed for
workspaces according to the SNI for artificial lighting is a minimum of 350
lux.
CONCLUSION
The conclusions
from research on the suitability of green buildings and potential savings in
Building A of the Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province are as follows:
The design of
Building A Regional Secretariat of Central Java
Province on the building envelope system is in accordance with the green
building criteria with an OTTV value of 33.27 W/m2, but the air conditioning
system does not meet the green building criteria. The lighting system in
Building A of the Regional Secretariat of Central Java Province is not in
accordance with the required light intensity standards.
The air
conditioning system in Building A of the Regional Secretariat of the Province
of Central Java has a COP (Coefficient of Performance) value that is not up to
standard because there are still specifications for the existing AC being used
which is non-inverter. For this reason, the improvement of the air conditioning
system is carried out by replacing the technology used, namely the VRF
(Variable Refrigerant Flow) system. By replacing this technology, the AC COP
value is fulfilled, so that it meets the green building criteria. By replacing
the system, you can save electricity from 642,05 kW to 592,05 kW.
Lighting system in
Building A Regional Secretariat of Central Java
Province is energy efficient because the maximum value of light density is
below the maximum standard of SNI for lighting. But this affects the level of
intensity of light that is obtained in the room. The value of light intensity
is still below that standardized in SNI. The improvement in the value of this
light intensity is by replacing the existing lamp with a 15.5 W TubeLED Master which has a 2,500 lumen. The total electric
power consumption of lamps decreased from 27.34 kW to 26.80 kW and is in
accordance with the green building criteria for maximum power density and value
of light intensity.
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Copyright holders:
Handoko Bayu,
Djaka Windarta, Hadiyanto (2022)
First publication right:
Devotion - Journal of Research and Community Service
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