Volume 4, Number 2, February 2023

e-ISSN: 2797-6068 and p-ISSN: 2777-0915

THE EFFECT OF SUSTAINABILITY REPORT, AND CAPITAL STRUCTIRE ON THE VALUE OF THE COMPANY WITH THE SIZE OF THE COMPANY AS A CODING VARIABLE

Reni Lestari, Christina Dwi Astuti

Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

KEYWORDS

Sustainability Performance, Capital Structure, corporate value, and firm size

ABSTRACT

This study examines the factors that influence firm value in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. These factors are sustainability-occurrence, capital structure and company size as moderating variables. The population used in this study are companies from the energy sector, the non-cyclical consumer sector, the industrial sector, and the raw material sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019 - 2021. The sample used in this research is 114 data that match the criteria. The sampling method used purposive sampling. Based on the results of research and tests conducted on 114 sample data from 2019 to 2021, it can be interpreted that sustainability reports have a positive effect on firm value, capital structure has a negative effect on firm value, but company size can strengthen the effect of sustainability reports on firm value. Meanwhile, the capital structure variable has no effect on firm value and firm size can strengthen the relationship between sustainability reports and firm size on firm value

INTRODUCTION

The issue of global environmental impact has been widely discussed and has become a focus in recent years. This needs attention from stakeholders, including the government and companies.ï¿½ Prudent management can minimize the impact of environmental damage. The problem of environmental damage arises due to socioeconomic activities and the poor environment due to these activities can have a direct effect on life in the future. Currently, companies are no longerï¿½ï¿½ only faced with a single buttom line that only looks at the economic or profit side which is reflected in the company's value.ï¿½ However, companies are required to synergize economic (profit), social (people) and environmental (planetary) aspects or better known as triple buttom line. These three elements are the concept of sustainable development which is poured into a report known as the Sustainability Report.

Sustainability reporting is defined as the practice of measuring an organization that is carried out openly regarding its economic, environmental, and social impacts and also includes to assess positive or negative contributions to the sustainable development goals (Simmons Jr, Crittenden, & Schlegelmilch, 2018).ï¿½ Currently, there are still many companies that do not disclose sustainability reports. Only 30 percent of companies released sustainability reports from 100 companies that were ranked at the top of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX).ï¿½ As stated in the latest OJK regulation Number 51 / POJK.03 / 2017 concerning the Implementation of Sustainable Finance for Financial Services Institutions, Issuers, and Public Companies to develop and implement environmental economic instruments, including policies that care about social and environmental (Government of Indonesia, 2017). So that sustainability reporting becomes mandatory for companies in the field of Financial Services Institutions, Issuers, and Public Companies

Research on testing the effect of sustainability reports on company value has been carried out previously. However, the relationship between company values influenced by sustainability reports produces pros and cons based on these results.ï¿½ The results of the research conducted by (Puspita & Fairuz, 2018) stated that the sustainability report had no influence on the value of the company as measured using Tobin's Q onï¿½ state-owned companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.ï¿½ This is also supported by the research of (Budiana & Budiasih, 2020) and (Gunawan & Mayangsari, 2015). However, the study is contrary to the research of Yulianingsih et al. (2018) stated that the sustainability report has a positive effect on the value of companies measured using Tobin's Q. (Purwanti, Ispriyarso, & Wijaningsih, 2018) states that profitability (ROA) is able to moderate sustainability reports and company values.ï¿½ This is because, the higher the profitability value of a company, the more efficient the use of a company's assets, and the higher the relationship between social disclosure and company value (Ayu & Suarjaya, 2017). Research on sustainability reports on company value has been widely studied, but the results of these studies are still inconsistent.ï¿½ This makes research on sustainability reports and capital structure on company value need to be re-examined using moderation variables, namely company size to increase the correlation of company value with sustainability report.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

ï¿½Theoretical Framework

Agency Theory

Definisi agency theory based on (Jensen & Meckling, 2019) is theï¿½ relationship between the agent or who represents theï¿½ management and the principal who is the owner. Basically, agency theory is a contract where there is one or more owners (principals) who hire other people (agents) to provide a number of services and delegate authority to agents to be able to make decisions. Agency theory discusses the problems that arise in companies due to the separation of powers between owners (principals) and management (agents). The separation between the owner as the principal and the management as the agent who runs the company can cause the emergence of agency problems.

This is due to the interests and objectives of each party concerned. To limit this, the principal can provide appropriate incentives to the agent (The bonding expenditures by agent) and incur monitoring expenditures (The monitoring expenditures by principal) to avoid deviations made by the agent. When deviations still occur and reduce the welfare of the principal, then it can be referred to as residual loss. All of these things can be defined as agency costs (Fama & French, 2002). This theory helps in implementing various governance mechanisms to control the actions of the management in the company (Panda & Leepsa, 2017).

Agency problems occur because of hidden actions and hidden information.ï¿½ Hidden action is a good manager's behavior or morale that can avoid agency problems. While hidden information is the existence of one party who has more information about the company such as managers who know more about the condition of the company. This can be used by parties who have superior information to carry out improper actions.

Sustainability Report

Sustainability report has various definitions, according to Elkington (Tarigan & Semuel, 2014), sustainability report means a report that contains not only financial performance information but also non-financial information consisting of information on social and environmental activities that allow the company to grow sustainably (sustainable performance). According to (Elkington, 1997) in (Batista et al., 2021) stated that SustainabilityReporting is a report that not only contains financial performance information but also contains non-financial information consisting of social and environmental activities that allow the company to grow sustainably (sustainable perfomance). Sustainability Reporting is also commonly known as the Triple Bottom Line. In addition to pursuing profit, companies must also be involved in fulfilling the welfare of the community (people) and contribute to maintaining sustainability. This Sustainability Reporting calculation uses SRDI (Sustainability Report Disclosure Index) measurements with a GRI Standard of 145 disclosure items.

Capital Structure

The capital structure is a combination of debt and equity in the company's long-term financial structure. Capital structure is an important issue for companies because the good and bad of the capital structure will have a direct effect on the company's financial position which will ultimately affect the value of the company (Brigham, 2010). According to (Yuliana, 2013), capital structure theory is related to the influence of changes in the capital structure itself on the value of the company assuming investment decisions and a constant dividend policy. According to research by (Brigham, 2010), the optimal capital structure for a company is defined as the structure that will maximize the share price of a company. The capital structure is concluded as a company funding mix that must be managed properly so that it is able to maximize the value of a company The size of the capital structure is a very important thing to pay attention to by the company because the good and bad of the capital structure will have a direct impact on the company's financial position which will ultimately affect the value of the company. The company can minimize the risks derived from debt, by optimizing the company's external capital which is fully used for company financing so that it can increase the company's own profits. Therefore, its utilization must be efficient so that it can make it more optimal. A good capital structure is a capital structure that can minimize the average cost of capital and maximize the value of the company.

Firm Value

According to (Brigham, 2010) in (Agustina, 2013) the value of a company is the price that a prospective buyer is willing to pay if the company is sold. A company is said to have good value if the company's performance is also good. The value of the company formed through the indicator of the market value of the stock is strongly influenced by investment opportunities. According to Fama (1978) in (Wirajaya & Dewi, 2013), the value of the company can be seen from its share price. The share price is formed at the request and supply of investors, so that the share price can be used as a proxy for the value of the company. The existence of investment opportunities can provide a positive signal about the company's growth in the future so that it can increase company value. In this study, the value of the company was calculated using Tobin's Q ratio. Tobin's Q ratio is considered to provide the best information, because in Tobin's Q it includes all elements of debt and share capital of the company. Not only ordinary shares and company equity are included, but all company assets (Agustina, 2013).

ï¿½Company Size

The size of the company is the average of total net sales for the year in question (Brigham, 2010). The size of the company is a picture or scale of small, medium, the size of a company. Company size is measured based on the number of assets owned.ï¿½ The smallerï¿½ï¿½ the size of the company, the higher the possibility of the company doing profit management in attracting the attention of investors becauseï¿½ the sizeï¿½ of a small company has moreï¿½ total assets low.ï¿½ Meanwhile, companies that have a large size are likely to carry out profit management with the intention of avoiding profit fluctuations.ï¿½ With companies manipulating their profits with profit management, it is increasingly attractive for investors and the government to put shares in the company (Gayatri & Wirasedana, 2021). The size of the company in this study was measured by the logarithmic value of the total assets

Hypothesis Development

Sustainability Report Disclosure and Corporate Value

Sustainability Reporting contains all disclosures whose content is an effort to increase the accountability of all company activities and is also used to achieve sustainability. Hasil research conducted by (Puspita & Fairuz, 2018) stated that sustainability report has no influence on the value of companies measured using Tobin's Q on state-owned companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.ï¿½ The results of (Fatchan & Trisnawati, 2018) show that Sustainability Reporting has a significant effect on company value. Based on this gap, this study tries to re-examine the positive impact of sustainability reports on company value.

Ha1 Sustainability report positively affects company value

Capital Structure and Company Value

Capital structure is an important issue for companies because the good and bad of the capital structure will have a direct effect on the company's financial position which will ultimately affect the value of the company (Brigham F. & Houston, 2010). According to (Yuliana, 2013), capital structure theory is related to the influence of changes in the capital structure itself on the value of the company assuming investment decisions and constant dividend policies. According to research by Brigham and Houston (2013), the optimal capital structure for a company is defined as the structure that will maximize the share price of a company.ï¿½ In line with the previously conducted research that has been mentioned, the formulation of hypotheses for variable capital structure and company value is as follows.

Ha2 ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Capital structure positively affects the value of the company.

ï¿½Company size in moderating the effect of Sustainability Report on Company Value

The size of the company is the average of total net sales for the year in question. The size of the company is a picture or scale of small, medium, the size of a company. The financial size of a company reflected through a total asset proxy is a variable proxy of the size of the company that indicates the size of the asset. Sustainability Reporting has 3 aspects of performance that describe how the company's responsibility to stakeholders is formed. The results of Wijayanti's research (2016) show that economic, social, and environmental performance in Sustainability Reporting has an effect on the value of the company proxied in Tobin's Q. Therefore, researchers assume that:

Ha3 Company sizeï¿½ strengthens the influence of sustainability report on company value

ï¿½Company size in moderating the effect of capital structure on Company Value

and a constant dividend policy.ï¿½ So in this study assumes that

Ha4 company size strengthens the influence between capital structure and company value.

Konseptual frame

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework

ï¿½

RESEARCH METHOD

Sample Selection

The sample selection used in this study was the purposive sampling method.ï¿½ The population used in this study is in the energy sector, consumer non-cyclical sector, industrial sector, and basic material sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2021.ï¿½

Table 1

ï¿½Sample selection results

Information	Number of companies
ï¿½ï¿½ Companies in the energy, consumer non-cyclical sector, industrial sector, and basic material sector are consistently listed on theï¿½ Indonesia Stock Exchangeï¿½ fromï¿½ 2019 to 2021.	379
The company has consistently published sustainability reports for the last 3 years 2019 - 2021	(341)
Samples used in the study	38
ï¿½Research Period	3 years
Total Observations	114

ï¿½Dependent Variables

Sustainability Report

Sustainability Report is measured using disclosure of corporate social responsibility based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Guidelines index. The GRI index used is the GRI Standard index released in 2018. The disclosure aspect of GRI Stadard consists of 34 aspects and the disclosure score will be assessed based on the number of indicators disclosed in each aspect with the scoring of each aspect scaled 0 to (Narula, Asmussen, Chi, & Kundu, 2019)

Information:

SR: Sustainability Report

Ii: Indicators expressed in aspect i

ni: Number of indicators in aspect i

Capital Structure

DER =ï¿½

Description:

Debtï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ : Total Debt

Equity ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ : Total Equity

Company Size

The size of the company is the average of total net sales for the year in question (Brigham and Houston, 2010). The size of the company is a picture or scale of small, medium, the size of a company. Company size is measured based on the number of assets owned.

ï¿½ ï¿½(Dang, Zhu, & Xu, 2017)

Information:

Size: Company size

Ln (total assets): Algorithmic value of total assets

Dependent Variables

Company Values

The value of the company in this study was measured by Tobin's Q. Several studies that examined the value of the company with Tobin's Q include (Choi, Kwak, & Choe, 2010), (Bidhari, Salim, Aisjah, & Java, 2013), (Agustina, 2013). The following measurements of company value with Tobin's Q are as follows:

ï¿½ (Hoyt and Liebenberg, 2011)

Information:

Tobin's Qï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ : Company Value

MVEï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ : Market value of equity (closing price of year-end stocks multiplied by

ï¿½ number of shares outstanding)

BVLï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ : Book value of liabilities

BVAï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ : Book value of assets

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

ï¿½ Descriptive Statistical Analysis

Table 2

Descriptive Statistics

	N	Mean	Max	Min	Std Dev
SR	114	0.518149	0.931034	0.296552	0.140344
.CS	114	1.539788	11.32430	0.100000	1.644898
UP	114	30.83430	32.51841	27.89302	1.059834
NP	114	1.461951	16.26333	0.355274	2.085813

Source: Results of Data Processing Through Eviews v.12

Based on the results of descriptive statistical analysis in table 2, the Sustainability Report (SR) variable during 201 9 to 2021 shows anï¿½ï¿½ average value (mean) of 0.518149,ï¿½ the highest valueï¿½ (maximum) of 0.931034 is PT ABM Investama Tbk.ï¿½ (ABMM), the lowest (minimum) value of 0.185383 is PT Gunung Raja Paksi Tbk.ï¿½ (GGRP) and standard deviation of 0.140344.

The capital structure (CI) variable during 201 9 to 2021 shows an average value (mean) of 1.539788, the highest value (maximum) of 11.32430, namely PT Bukit Asamï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ (PTBA),ï¿½ theï¿½ lowest value (minimum) ofï¿½ 0.100000 is PT Mitrabahtera Segara Sejati Tbk (MBSS) and the standard deviation of 1.644898

The Company Size Variable (UP) during 201 9 to 2021 shows an average value (mean) of 30.83430, the highest value (maximum) of 32.51841, namely PT Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk.ï¿½ (INKP), the lowest (minimum) value of 27.89302 is PT Integra Indocabinet Tbk (WOOD) and the standard deviation of 0.533828.

The company size (CS) variable during 2018 to 2021 shows an average value (mean) ofï¿½ 29,161.09,ï¿½ the highestï¿½ value (maximum) of 32.82039, namely PT Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk. (WIIM), the lowest (minimum) value of 27.89302, namely PT Wismilak Inti Makmur Tbk.ï¿½ (WIIM) and standard deviation of 1.059834.

Variable Company value (NP) during 2019 to 2021 shows an average value (mean) of 1.461951, the highestï¿½ï¿½ value (maximum ) ofï¿½ 16.26333,ï¿½ namely PT. Unilever Indonesia Tbk.ï¿½ (UNVR), the lowest (minimum) value of 0.355274 is PT Wismilak Inti Makmur Tbk.ï¿½ (WIIM) and standard deviation of 2.085813.

Panel Data Model Analysis

Table 3

Chow Test

Effects Test	Statistics	d.f	Prob.
Cross-Section F	20.343892	(37.7 4)	0,0000
Cross-Section Chi-Square	275.128262	ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 37		0,0000

Source: Results of Data Processing Through Eviews v.12

Based on the results of the Chow Test in Table 3, it shows that Prob. Cross-Section chi-square of 0.0000.ï¿½ This means that 0.0000 < 0.05 then Ha is accepted (Ha = Fixed Effect Model).

Table 4

Hausman Test

Test Summary	Chi-Sq.Statistic	Chi-sq. d.f		Prob.
Cross-Section Random	20.19650	ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 7	0.008

Source: Results of Data Processing Through Eviews v.12

Based on the results of the Hausman Test in Table 4, it shows that Prob. Cross-section random of 0.0001.ï¿½ This means that 0.00 8 < 0.05 then Ha is accepted so that the selected model is fixed effect.ï¿½

ï¿½Hypothesis Testing

The following is a table of hypothesis test results for each independent variable in the study consisting of variables sustainability report, capital structure, on company value and company size as a moderation variable.

Table 5

Hypothesis Test

Variable	Coefficient	T-Statistics	Sig.	Information
SR	10.25764	2.294341	0.0246	H1 accepted
.CS	-1.449555	-1.389933	0.1688	H2 not accepted
SR_UP	-0.076053	-2.176008	0.0330	H3 accepted
CS_UP	-0.324225	-2.280734	0.0255	H4 accepted
UP	0.000298	0.376782	0.6120
C	0.812273	5.506839	0.0000
Adjusted R-Squared		0.876890
Prob (F-Statistic)		0.000000

Source: Results of Data Processing Through Eviews v.12

Based on the table above, the regression model obtained is as follows:

NP = 0.876890 + 10.25764SR ï¿½ 1.449555 CS ï¿½ 0.076053SR_UP ï¿½ 0.076053TP_KI -0.324225CS_UP ï¿½ 0.027751CS +ï¿½ 0.000298UP + e

Based on the table above, it shows an adjusted value of R² of 0.876890 which means that the ï¿½ï¿½variation of the dependent variable can be explained by the variation of the independent variable of 87.6890%. While the remaining 12.3% is explained by other variables that were not contained in the study.

Based on the table above, it shows the value of Sig. Prob. (F-statistic) of 0.000000 which means that ï¿½all independent variables affect the dependent variables.

The Effect of Sustainability Report on Company Value

Based on the table above, it shows that the value of sig.ï¿½ sustainability report (SR) variable 0.0246ï¿½ < 0.05 so that itï¿½ can be concluded that H1 is accepted and has a positive regression coefficient direction with the valueï¿½ï¿½ of the company. This shows that the higher the quality and quantity of disclosures in the sustainability report, the higher the company's value. Sustainability Reporting contains all disclosures whose content is an effort to increase the accountability of all company activities and is also used to achieve sustainability. The results of this study are in line with the research of (Fatchan & Trisnawati, 2018) showing that Sustainability Reporting has a significant effect on company value

Effect of Capital Structure on Company Value

The capital structure variable CS) has a sig value.ï¿½ of 0.1688 > 0.05 so it can be concluded that H2 is not accepted. This shows that the larger the capital structure ratio of a company will not necessarily increase the value of the company.ï¿½

The Role of Company Size in moderating sustainability reports on company value

ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ The role of company size in moderating sustainability reports on company value has a sig value.ï¿½ of 0.03 < 0.05 so that it can be concluded that H3 is accepted so that the size of the company can strengthen the influence of sustainability report on company value. The results of this study are in line with research conducted by (Wijayanti & Nuraini, 2017) showing that economic, social, and environmental performance in Sustainability Reporting has an effect on the value of the company proxied in Tobin's Q.

The role of company size in moderating capital structure to company value

The role of company size in moderating the capital structure to the value of the company has a sig value.ï¿½ 0.0255 < 0.05 so that it can be concluded H4 is accepted, This shows that the role of company size can strengthen the influence of capital structure on company value.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of research and testing conducted on 114 data samples during the period 201 9 to 2021, it can be concluded that the sustainability report has a positive influence on Company value, capital structure has a negative influence on company value but the size of the company can strengthen the influence of sustainability reportï¿½ on companyï¿½ value. While the capital structure variable does not have a company influence does not have an influence on the value of the company and the size of the company can strengthen the relationship between sustainability report and company size ï¿½to the value of the company.

In this study, there are some limitations, namely the research period only uses 3 years of data, the last (2019 ï¿½ 2021) and only uses twoï¿½ï¿½ independent variables. Further research can increase the research period, adding independent variables that are expected to affect the value of the company such as operating cash flow variables, net profit margin, andï¿½ï¿½ sales growth and other variables, as well as expanding its research sector.

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Copyright Holders:

Reni Lestari, Christina Dwi Astuti (2023)

First publication right:

Devotion - Journal of Research and Community Service

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International