Volume 4, Number 3, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2797-6068 and p-ISSN: 2777-0915
1Mariana
Ngundju Awang, 2 Diyan
Maria Kristin, Wilhelmina A A Woda
1,2Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Kupang, Indonesia, 3
Rumah Sakit Prof Dr
W.Z Johannes Kupang, Indonesia
Email:
[email protected], diyankristin
gmail.com, [email protected]���
|
KEYWORDS ASI father, Patriarchal Culture |
ABSTRACT One of the failure factors in exclusive
breastfeeding is the role of the husband who has a higher position than
women. The purpose of this study was to determine "The Role of ASI Fathers
in Patriarchal Culture in East Sumba Regency, NTT Province". The method
used is quantitative analysis. The population in this study were fathers and
mothers who had children aged 6-24 months with a total sample of 120 people.
The results showed that the four dimensions of the father's role in
breastfeeding had the greatest influence on the mother's stress level and
happiness. The most significant aspect of the gap between what mothers expect
and how fathers support the practice of exclusive breastfeeding is physical
support. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the four
dimensions of the father's role in breastfeeding have the greatest influence
on the stress level and mother's happiness. |
INTRODUCTION
After giving birth, breastfeeding is nature's way for a mother to help her
child grow and develop. To successfully breastfeed, which is a difficult
process, one needs strength and support (Salamah
& Prasetya, 2019). So that the application of early
breastfeeding initiation (IMD) and exclusive breastfeeding is still low (Evareny,
Hakimi, & Padmawati, 2010). Breastfeeding is a mother's duty,
but the father's role is also needed in the process of exclusive breastfeeding
to children.
In this modern era, there is something called ASI fathering, namely the
involvement of a father in providing moral and financial support to his wife
during the breastfeeding process. The aim is to ensure that their children
receive successful exclusive breastfeeding from birth to six months of age, and
they continue to provide partial breastfeeding until the age of two (Mufdlilah,
2019). The role of the father is inseparable
from patriarchal culture.
In Indonesia, patriarchal ideology and culture continue to exert a
significant influence on interactions between members of society and in various
aspects of life. Patriarchy can be interpreted as a condition of society that
places men in a higher position than women in all aspects of social, cultural
and economic life (Prasetya,
Sari, Delfiyanti, & Muliana, 2019).
Habits in a patriarchal culture give mothers a sense of comfort and
confidence in caring for their children, especially breastfeeding, which
increases the quantity of breast milk produced thereby enabling the success of
exclusive breastfeeding. (Ramadhan,
Entoh, Nurfatimah, & Aminuddin, 2022).
According to statistical data from BPS in 2021 in East Sumba Regency, only
97.93% of babies aged 0-23 months are given breast milk. This has decreased
from 2017, when a total of 100% of toddlers aged 0-23 months were breastfed
(BPS, 2023). One of the failure factors in exclusive breastfeeding is the
husband's support (Muhammad
Syukri, 2022). As many as 67.61% of fathers or
husbands do not know the husband's role in supporting the practice of exclusive
breastfeeding (Budianto
& Handayani, 2017). Even some fathers do not know the
concept of exclusive breastfeeding. Based on the explanation above, the author
is interested in researching "The Role of Breastfeeding Fathers in
Patriarchal Culture in East Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province".
RESEARCH METHOD
This research is a quantitative analytic research
using a cross-sectional study design located in East Sumba Regency, East Nusa
Tenggara. Analytical research aims to compare or determine differences between
one or more variables when viewed from various perspectives and examine the
relationship or influence between these variables (Pakpahan et al., 2021). The population
in this study were mothers and fathers who had children aged 6-24 months. The
sampling technique was taken by simple random sampling. The number of samples
is 120 people consisting of 60 fathers and 60 mothers. The variables to be
studied are categorized as follows.
1.
Husband's physical support, including
willingness to listen, voluntarily giving hugs and massages to his wife, taking
turns looking after the baby, getting up at night, and helping with household
chores.
2.
Material support, including not
criticizing the mother's body type and not being rude or angry about the
mother's care of her baby.
3.
Emotional support, including words of
encouragement, showing pride for his wife, and comforting his wife when she is
sad.I
4.
Informational support, including husbands
knowing the benefits of breastfeeding, offering solutions to mothers' breastfeeding
problems, and not giving formula milk.
Fathers and mothers who were selected as respondents
will be asked about support. To determine the influence of the characteristics
of the respondents will be used chi-square analysis. The t test aims to determine
whether there are differences in the views of fathers and mothers on the role
of breastfeeding fathers. In this study, alpha was used at 5%.
Tabel
1 Characteristics of respondents to the
practice of exclusive breastfeeding in East Sumba
Regency, East Nusa Tenggara
|
|
Total n=60 |
Exclusive Breastfeeding n=41 |
Not Exclusive Breastfeeding n=19 |
P-value |
|
Age |
32.2
(5.15) |
32.36
(2.83) |
32.14
(5.96) |
0.878 |
|
Number of Children |
2.1
(0.95) |
2.94
(0.62) |
1.7
(0.81) |
<0.001 |
|
Response |
|
|
|
|
|
Negative |
22
(36.70) |
22 |
0 |
<0.001 |
|
Positive |
38
(63.3) |
19 |
19 |
|
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
Senior
High School |
48
(80.0) |
14 |
34 |
0.493 |
|
Bachelor |
12
(20.0) |
5 |
7 |
|
|
Occupation |
|
|
|
|
|
Employee |
21
(35.0) |
10 |
11 |
<0.097 |
|
Unemployee |
39
(65.0) |
9 |
30 |
|
Table 1 shows that 68.3% of mothers provide exclusive
breastfeeding, the average age is 32.2 years, have 2 children, 63.3% of mothers
support exclusive breastfeeding, 80% of mothers have high school education, and
65% are housewives. . It is known that the number of children and attitudes
have a significant relationship with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding (p
value <0.001) from the relationship between characteristics and practice.
Positive attitudes are more influential than negative attitudes on the success
of exclusive breastfeeding practices. The average exclusive breastfeeding
mother has 2.94 children.
Tabel
2 Paired t-test Analysis of Physical,
Material, Emotional, and Informational Support from the Perspectives of Mothers
and Fathers
|
Variabel |
Mean |
SD |
P-value |
|
Paired 1 |
|
|
|
|
Father's Physical Support |
5 |
0,86 |
<0,001 |
|
Mother's Physical Support |
6,7 |
0,66 |
|
|
Paired 2 |
|
|
|
|
Father's Material Support |
5,0 |
0,36 |
<0,001 |
|
Mother's Material Support |
5,8 |
0,32 |
|
|
Paired 3 |
|
|
|
|
Father�s Emotional Support |
6,8 |
0,77 |
<0,001 |
|
Mother�s Emotional Support |
7,5 |
1,03 |
|
|
Paired 4 |
|
|
|
|
Father�s Informational Support |
3,38 |
0,73 |
0,013 |
|
Mother�s Informational Support |
3,90 |
1,50 |
In all aspects of support it is known from table 2
that the mother's expectations are more important than the father's support.
The physical support of breastfeeding fathers has a value of 5 on the
dimensions of physical support, and the mother's expectations have a value of
6.7. With a p value < 0.001, this difference is statistically significant.
Father's material support is 5 and mother's expectations are 5.8 on the
material support dimension. With a p value < 0.001, the perceived difference
in material support is also statistically significant.
Mother's expectations are worth 7.55 in emotional
support, while the father's role is worth 6.8, with a p-value <0.001.
Father's informational support has a value of 3.38 on the information support
dimension, while mother's expectations have a value of 3.9. Differences in the
perception of mothers and fathers towards information support is indicated by a
p-value of 0.013.
It can be concluded that the expectations of mothers
and the role of breastfeeding fathers are not fulfilled. The dimension of
physical support, which includes the desire to listen to the wife, voluntarily
massage the wife, give hugs, take turns taking care of the baby, want to get up
at night, and want to help with household chores, is where the gap lies.
between the father's role and the mother's greatest expectations.
In addition, emotional support is the type of support
most expected by mothers with a value of 7.5. Emotional support in the form of
feeling proud of the wife, comforting the mother when she is sad, encouraging
and praising the mother, not judging the mother's body shape, and not being rude
or angry towards the mother who takes care of the baby.
Discussion
A patriarchal culture that rejects gender equality
makes men have a higher position. The dominant role that husbands play as
fathers in patriarchal cultures can be related. The practice of exclusive
breastfeeding shows the dominance of the father in giving encouragement and
positive feedback to his family. Through patrilinealistic bond-based support
and reinforcement in influencing the behavior of breastfeeding mothers (Aritonang & Simanjuntak, 2020).
The problem of low breastfeeding rates in Indonesia is
caused by several factors, one of which is the husband who is the closest
person and plays an important role during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal
care, including breastfeeding (Fadhilah, 2022). According to the
results of research from various countries, the psychological state of a mother
and the success of breastfeeding, especially exclusive breastfeeding, will be
influenced by the husband's support for breastfeeding mothers (Suryaningsih & Redowati, 2022).
Untuk mencapai ASI eksklusif, seorang ayah dapat
memberikan dukungan positif untuk meningkatkan praktik menyusui dan terus
mendukung penuh istrinya hingga bayi berusia enam bulan. Dukungan yang dapat
diberikan oleh ayah kepada ibunya meliputi dukungan fisik, dukungan material,
dukungan emosional, dan dukungan informasional (Rosyada, Putri, & Yeni, 2021).
Supports that can be given to wives who are
breastfeeding include helping their wives complete household chores while
breastfeeding, burping the baby after breastfeeding, accompanying their wives
to attend lactation classes, and making sure their children are getting enough
food. nutrition. To encourage breastfeeding, husbands must remind their wives
to give exclusive breastfeeding until the baby is 6 months old (Tail, 2019).
In a patriarchal society, playing a positive role
gives the husband the opportunity to be the person responsible for supporting
and encouraging the baby's mother to achieve exclusive breastfeeding. Since
patriarchy is based on gender inequality, fathers come first when it comes to
providing emotional support to mothers from their babies. Therefore, even
though the baby's mother is less motivated to provide exclusive breastfeeding,
the husband who views it positively can influence her behavior (Handayani, 2018).
CONCLUSION
Based on the research findings,
it can be concluded that the four dimensions of the father's role in
breastfeeding have the greatest influence on the stress level and mother's
happiness. The most significant aspect of the gap between what mothers expect
and how fathers support the practice of exclusive breastfeeding is physical
support.
Provide support to mothers in
breastfeeding both physical support, material support, emotional support, and
informational support. This is very helpful in reducing the mother's stress
level. Physical support which has the highest gap, if the father helps in doing
household chores, it can lighten some of the mother's tasks in the household.
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Copyright Holders:
Mariana Ngundju Awang, Diyan Maria Kristin, Wilhelmina A A Woda (2023)
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