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MILITARY EDUCATION COLLABORATION
BETWEEN COUNTRIES
Syabilarrasyad1,
Jusuf Irianto2, Fendy Suhariadi3
1Human
Resources Development Doctoral Study Program, Postgraduate School, Universitas
Airlangga, Indonesia
2Human
Resources Management Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social and
Political Science, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia.
3Human
Resource Development Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas
Airlangga, Indonesia
Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
|
KEYWORDS Ministry of Defence, Education, TNI, Cadets/Taruni,
TNI Academy |
ABSTRACT The Unitary State of the Republic of
Indonesia in the international arena has an active free politics, attitudes
and views related to Indonesian foreign policy such as Indonesian foreign
policy often have differences in attitude with other countries in responding
to international issues. The Ministry of Defense, which covers the three
branches of the TNI, namely the Army, Navy and Air Force, is very concerned
about Military Academy education abroad by providing scholarships to Military
Academy cadets / cadets to attend Military Academy education abroad, one of
which is in Japan. This paper aims to analyze the collaboration of military
education between countries, especially in Japan. The method used is
qualitative by means of field case studies. This paper argues that a one-stop
policy is needed in sending cadets / cadets of the Indonesian National Army
Academy to attend Military Academy education abroad, where the Ministry of
Defense must be positioned as the only door in the formulation and
implementation of Military education collaboration policies between countries
where the three TNI Matras must submit and obey as well as synergy with the
Ministry of Defense in Military Education Collaboration between countries. |
INTRODUCTION
The Directorate General of Defense Forces is an element
implementing the duties and functions of the Ministry, which is under and
responsible to the Minister (Zulkarnain &
Runturambi, 2022). The Directorate General
of Defense Forces and the Ministry of Defense is led by the Director General of
Defense Forces called the Directorate General of Defense Forces and the
Ministry of Defense, has the task of formulating and implementing policies and
technical standardization in the field of military defense forces (Edvine, 2017). Next has a functionformulation of policies in the field
of military defense forces, including development of human resources, materials,
facilities and services as well as military defense health; preparation of
norms, standards, procedures and criteria in the field of military defense
forces; providing technical guidance and evaluation in the field of military
defense forces; and carrying out the administration of the Directorate General
of Defense Forces and the Ministry of Defense (Defense, 2016).
Meanwhile, the Directorate General of Defense
Forces and the Ministry of Defense oversees the Directorate of Human Resources,
is an element implementing the duties and functions of the Directorate General
of Defense Forces, led by the Director of Human Resources, called Dir SDM, who
has the task of preparing materials for formulating policy implementation,
technical standardization, and providing technical guidance, as well as
evaluation in the field of human resources as the main component of national
defense (Damayanti, 2015). Next has a functionpreparing the formulation of policies
in the field of human resources as the main component of national defense;
covering the preparation of standards, norms, guidelines, criteria and
procedures in the field of planning for the provision of personnel and career
systems, capacity building and educational development, maintenance, separation
and distribution of human resources as the main component of national defense;
As well as the implementation and evaluation of policies; provision of
technical guidance and supervision (Baiquni et al.,
2022; Sudiro, 2011).
In the Human Resources Sector, particularly the
Development and Education Sub-Sector, it is led by the Head of the Development
and Education Sub-Directorate called the Head of the Bangdik Sub-Directorate,
who has the task of carrying out the preparation of material for the
formulation and implementation, development and evaluation of policies, as well
as technical standardization in the field of capacity building and development
of the main component of human resource education. National Defense (Juliana,
2019).
One of the capability development programs and the
development of human resource education is the main component of national
defense (Putro,
2022), is an annual routine
program for sending TNI Academy Cadets abroad, including sending TNI Academy
Cadets to attend education at the Japanese National Defense Academy (NDA).
Cooperation
in the field of military education between Indonesia and Japan has been
established since 1998 through the Ministry of Defense which welcomed the
international cadet program from the National Defense Academy (NDA) by sending
6 candidates taken together with the selection of cadet candidates (Catar).
The six
candidates who passed this selection then took part in the international cadet
program at NDA and studied at NDA for a total of 5 years consisting of 1 year
of Japanese language education and 4 years of education at NDA.
The
basis is as follows (Okol, 2017); (1)Regulation of the Minister of Defense Number 24 of
2016 concerning Scholarships for TNI Academies Cadets to Participate in
Military Academy Education Abroad, (2)Decree
of the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia Number:
KEP/1153/IX/2022 dated 16 September 2022 concerning Business Travel Overseas,
(3)Decree of the Directorate General of Defense Forces and the Ministry of
Defense Number: KEP/25.b/XII/2022 dated 5 August 2022 concerning Amendments to
2 Work Programs and Budget of the Directorate General of Defense Forces and the
Ministry of Defense TA. 2022, and (4) Letter of the Embassy of Japan Number:
DAJ - 056/2022 dated 1 September 2022 concerning an invitation to visit the
National Defense Academy, Japan.Based on
this phenomenon,This paper aims to analyze military education
collaboration between countries, especially in Japan.
RESEARCH METHOD
The method used in
this research is a qualitative and applied case study approach (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). Visiting
activities of Directorate General of Defense
Forces and the Ministry of Defenseto Japan is organized through the
stages of planning, preparation, implementation and termination, which are
described as follows:
Planning
Activities at the
planning stage started from receiving an invitation from Athan Japan in Jakarta
to carry out a visit to the Japanese National Defense Academy until the
approval of the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia to carry out a
visit to Japan was obtained. The activities at this stage include the following
series of activities: (1) preparing an application letter to carry out a
business trip to Japan to the Indonesian Minister of Defense, (2) carrying out
initial coordination with the Directorate General of Strahan Ministry of
Defense and Athan Japan staff to discuss the planned outline of activities.
Preparation
Activities at the
preparatory stage began after obtaining the approval of the Indonesian Minister
of Defense until the preparations for the delegation's departure to Japan.
Activities at this stage include the following series of activities: (1)
coordinating plans for a visit to Japan before carrying out the visit, (2)
preparing a detailed plan for visiting Japan, coordinating with the NDA through
Athan RI in Japan, and (3) carrying out administrative arrangements and support
organizing activities.
Implementation
Conducting visits
toMinistry Of Defence(MOD) and the
National Defense Academy (NDA), Japan as follows: (1)Tuesday, September 27 2022, delegationDirectorate General of Defense Forces and the
Ministry of Defensearrived in Japan were greeted by the Assistant Defense
Attache of the Republic of Indonesia in Tokyo and Mother at Narita
International Airport, (2) Wednesday, September 28, 2022 pre-meeting and
culture program activities, (3) Thursday, September 29, 2022, a series ofvisit to the Japanese Ministry Of
Defense (MOD)., (4) Friday, September 30, 2022, seriesvisit to the National Defense Academy
(NDA) Yokosuka, and (5) Saturday, October 1 2022, at 08.30 JST The
delegation departed from Hotel Prince Shinagawa to Haneda International Airport
toReturn to Jakarta using Garuda
Indonesia Airways flight GA 0875.
Finishing
Activities at the finishing stage begin after arrival in Indonesia
until the receipt of a report on the implementation of activities by the TNI
Commander. Activities at this stage include the following series of activities:
(1) data and information collection, (2) preparation and revision of
implementation reports, and (3) submission of implementation reports to the TNI
Commander:
Time:
September 27 to October 1, 2022
Correct:
Tokyo and Yokosuka, Japan
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Wednesday,
September 28 2022 Implementation of Day 1 activities, with the following
results:
1) Pre meeting. Carry out initial coordination with the Defense Attache
regarding planned visits to the Ministry of Defense (MOD) and the National
Defense Academy (NDA) in Japan.
2) Culture
program. Carry out tourist visits to the slopes of Mount Fujiyama to be
precise at Iyashi no Sato
Nenba in Lake Saiko where it is found about 20 houses were reconstructed with
thatched roofs in the village, and different exhibits can be found in each
house. For example, at Hinomi-ya which has a character like fire, there is a
special exhibition on Japanese customs since the Sengoku period. You can also
try on their ninja armor, helmets and costumes and bring their weapons and
swords with you
Thursday,
September 29 2022 Implementation of Day 2 activities,carried out a visit to the Ministry of Defense (MOD),
with a courtesy call (CC) activity with the Deputy Director of the Human
Resources Development Division Bureau of Personnel and Education Ministry of
Defense Japan, Naganuma Kazumi. Important points from the discussions and
questions and answers include:with the following results:
1) Directorate
General of Defense Forces and the Ministry of Defenseconvey
important matters:
(a)Efforts to increase cooperation in Education
and HR Development (Cadet) of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of
Indonesia in the future, is to increase the quota from 2 (two) Cadets to 3
(three) Cadets, even to 4 (four) Cadets, involving female Cadets whenever
possible.
(b)Increasing the capacity and ability of the
Japanese language at the Indonesian Ministry of Defense's Language Education
and Training Center by sending native speakers to the Institute.
(c)Japanese Language Instructor Training for
Indonesian Ministry of Defense Language Education and Training Center Widyaiswara
sent to Language Education Institutions in Japan, to improve Japanese language
teaching skills in the future if possible.
2) Naganoma Kazumi:
(b) The implementation of education at NDA can be
carried out in the long term (1 year of Japanese Language Education and 4 years
of Japanese NDA Education) or in the short term (4 to 6 months) by continuing to
use Japanese.
Friday, 30 September 2022 Implementation of
Day 3 activities, Visit to the National Defense Academy (NDA).
3) Directorate General of Defense Forces and the
Ministry of Defensecarried out a
courtesy call (CC) with the President of NDA Japan with the following results:
(a)
The
President of the NDA said:
(1)
Gratitude for the arrival of the
delegationDirectorate General of Defense Forces and the Ministry of
DefenseRI to Japan's NDA
then hoped that it would become something that strengthens cooperation between
Indonesia and Japan.
(2)
The President of NDA was honored by the
sending of Indonesian cadets. The President of NDA gave a positive assessment
of the Indonesian Cadet sent to NDA because of their quality and achievements
in participating in activities at NDA.It is hoped that in the future Indonesia will send more Cadets to
Japan's NDA.
(3)
Furthermore, the President of NDA said
that NDA felt helped by having NDA alumni involved by the TNI during joint
exercises with Japan. This facilitates interaction and facilitates coordination
during practice.
(4)
NDA has around 12% female cadets, and also
accepts female cadets from other countries, including the Philippines,
Cambodia, Timor Leste, Vietnam.
(5)
For now, foreign cadets are prepared for
their Japanese language skills through language classes for 1 (one) year and
are required to take a Japanese language proficiency test.
(6)
One of the characteristics of the NDA is
that the NDA is an educational institution to educate prospective officers for
the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) which consists of 3 (three) dimensions
(Land, Sea and Air Forces), thereby fostering integration of the 3 matra since
Cadet Education.
(b) Directorate
General of Defense Forces and the Ministry of Defense RI said:
(1)
Indonesian cadets who were sent to Japan's
NDA, have undergone selection and are potential future leaders of Indonesia.
Indonesia also sent cadets to America, England and Australia.
(2)
Directorate
General of Defense Forces and the Ministry of DefenseRI has conducted
evaluations and assessments of NDA alumni by seeking feedback from each unit.
The results of the assessment show that the performance of NDA alumni is good.
(3)
WhenDirectorate General of Defense Forces and the Ministry of DefenseRI
conducted a visit toMinistry Of Defense (MOD)Japan
talks about the possibilityincreasing
the quota from 2 (two) Cadets to 3 (three) Cadets, even to 4 (four) Cadets,
involving female Cadets whenever possible.
(4)
The obstacle faced in sending NDA cadets
is the length of time for education due to the addition of Japanese language
classes for 1 (one) year. If possible, so that the Japanese can, through the
Japanese Embassy in Indonesia, send a Japanese language teacher (Native
Speaker) to the Indonesian Ministry of Defense's Language Education and
Training Center. So that in preparation before leaving for Japan, the Cadet
gets adequate provisions.
(5)
The Military Academy system in Indonesia
is divided according to each dimension, so that it is closer to the unit center
of each dimension, namely the Military Academy in Magelang, AAL in Surabaya and
AAU in Yogyakarta. For the integration program carried out during the first
year at the TNI Academy, the implementation of Porsitar and Latsitarda.
4) Directorate General of Defense Forces and the
Ministry of Defensereceived an explanation about NDA by the Director of
International Cooperation of NDA, Shimizu Hirofumi, who explained about:
(1) HistoryNational Defense Academy (NDA).
(a)
In 1950 when the National Police Reserve
was organized, then Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida wanted to create a national
school that could educate, motivate and train career officers for Japan's
Self-Defense Forces (JSDF).
(b)
On August 1, 1952, National Safety Academy established
under conditionsNational
Safety Agency Establishment Law, and Prime Minister Yoshida appointed Dr.
Tomoo Maki, a law professor atKeio University, to become its first president.
(c)
National Safety Academyopened on April 1, 1953, in Kurihama,
Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, and received a first class of 400 cadets, of
whom 300 forGround Safety Forceand 100
forMaritime Safety Force.
(d)
On July 1, 1954, with entry into forceNational Defense Agency
Establishment Law, the name of the academy was changed fromNational Safety Academybecame
the National Defense Academy.
(e)
In 1955, the number of cadets admitted
annually to the academy increased to 530 with the addition of 130 Career
Officers toAir Self-Defense Force(ASDF)
was newly formed.
(f)
The Graduate Program started in the 1962
Academic Year and offers courses in electronic engineering.
(g)
Then added courses in Aerospace
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Applied Physics, Materials Engineering,
Geo-Scientific Engineering, and Operations Research.
(h)
In 1974 the Education Curriculum, which
until then had only offered Science Engineering courses, was expanded to
include Social Studies courses.
(i)
On March 22, 1992, the First Bachelor's
Degree was awarded to Cadets who graduated from the Academy; On April 1 of the
same year, the first woman was admitted to the Academy; and on September 18,
the first Master's Degree was awarded to graduates of the NDA Graduate School.
(j)
On April 1, 1997, the Graduate School of
Security Studies was established.
(k)
On April 1, 2000, the National Defense
Academy Undergraduate Program was divided into 6 (six) schools and 21 (twenty-one)
Departments, consisting of 3 (three) Departments inSchool of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11
(eleven) inthree Schools of Science and
Engineering,
4 (four) inSchool of Liberal Arts and
General Education, and 3 (three) inSchool of Defense Sciences.
(l)
On April 1, 2001, Graduate School of Science and Engineeringstarted
offering a Doctoral Program.
(m) Graduate School of Security
Studiesbegan
offering the Doctoral Program on April 1, 2009.
(n)
Since 2006, NDA has extended the
one-semester exchange program to 3 (three) Foreign Cadet Academies, namely the
United States, Canada and France, and in 2011, it was extended to 3 (three)
other Foreign Cadet Academies, namely South Korea, Germany and Qatar.
(o)
In 2010, country goals covering 14
(fourteen) countries have been held, and every Cadet must study at least one
Area Foreign Country.
(p)
In April 2016, the Center for Global
Security was established at NDA to produce innovative research on the emerging
security challenges facing the world.
(q)
In April 2018, the Institute for Advanced
Studies was established at NDA by integrating 3 (three) Centers of Excellence,
namely: Center for Excellence in Liberal Arts, Center for Global Security, and
Center for International Exchange(Nishihara, 2019; Simanullang, 2010).
(2) CurriculumNational Defense Academy (NDA).
Undergraduate-equivalent academic courses, including Defense and Military
Sciences (out of a total of 152 credits; General Lecture Materials 74 credits,
Department Lectures 54 credits, and Defense Science 24 credits). After
graduating and being given the rank of Sergeant Major (Second Lieutenant Student
Candidate) with an Academic Degree Bachelor (S1), continue his Education to
Officer Candidate School. The curriculum of the Japanese Ministry of Education
has the following system:
(a)
Education
system: semester
(b)
Majors
are held at level II
(c)
Graduation
requirements: a minimum of 152 credits
(d)
The
requirement for an undergraduate degree at a Japanese public university is 128
credits
Table 1.
National Defense Academy Academic Requirements
|
Academic Requirements |
National
Defense Academy |
||
|
Science
& Engineering |
Social
knowledge |
||
|
Credit |
Credit |
||
|
Basic education |
24 |
24 |
|
|
Foreign language |
English |
10 |
10 |
|
France |
4 (one of four languages) |
4 (one of four languages) |
|
|
German |
|||
|
Russia |
|||
|
China |
|||
|
Korea |
|||
|
Physical
education |
6 |
6 |
|
|
Basic majors
program |
27 |
18 |
|
|
Elective major |
57 |
66 |
|
|
Defense science |
24 |
24 |
|
|
Total |
>152 |
>152 |
|
(3) Curriculum National Defense Academy (NDA), besides
providing academic material equivalent to a bachelor's degree, it is also added
with material on Defense Science and Military Training.
(a) Basic
Military, as follows; (1)Basic marches, (2) Visit and introduction to GSDF, MSDF,
ASDF units, Iwojima Island, (3) Individual Combat Training, (4) Long barrel
shooting practice, (5) First Aid, (6) 8 km Sea Swimming, Cutter, Military
Skiing, Cross-Terrain, Long Distance Running and (7) Basic Training
(b) Land
Dimension, namely as follows; (1)Combat Training, (2) Field fortification, (3) Cordon &
Scout, (5) Pistol, long barrel, machine gun and anti-tank shooting exercises,
(6) Communication, (7) Basic Command & Operation, (8) Hanmars, and (9)
Visits to GSDF units
(c) Sea,
namely as follows; (1)Navigation Training (Travel, Astronomy), (2) Practical training in
making pilotage & sailing plans, (3) Practical training in sailing with
yachts, (4) Practical training in sailing with patrol boats, (5) Practical
training in guiding Port Channels, (6) Rowing practice, (7) Maritime Law, (8)
Shipping Safety Regulations, (9) Regulations for preventing collisions at sea,
(10) Basic Meteorology, (11) Signal & Communication, (12) Officer on Watch,
and (13) Visits to MSDF units
(d) Air,
namely as follows; (1)Glider operation training, (2) Air operation, air traffic control, (3)
Command & staff activity, (4) Base defense, (5) Aircraft maintenance, (6)
Communication & electronics, (7) Aerial Navigation & Survival, ( 8)
Visits to ASDF units
(4) Activity
at National Defense Academy
(NDA).
(a) Discipline
has been instilled in NDA cadets since they first entered, and this is
implemented in their daily lives from getting up in the morning, carrying out
cleaning, attending lessons to resting at night, everything must be carried out
according to the schedule that has been given.
(b) Daily life
between seniors and juniors goes like foster siblings who have responsibility
for their foster siblings to foster and educate cadets who have good
personalities, good academic grades and excellent physical condition.
(c) In
general, AAL cadets have been able to adapt to the NDA organizational culture
and can compete positively according to NDA standards.
Table 2. Activity at National Defense Academy
|
Time |
Activity |
|
1 |
2 |
|
06:00 |
Morning Wake Up Bell |
|
06:05 |
Morning Exercise Apple |
|
06:10~0630 |
Morning corvee |
|
06:35~07:20 |
Breakfast |
|
08:00 |
Morning parade |
|
08:30~11:40 |
Morning Study Hours |
|
12:00~12:40 |
Have lunch |
|
13:00 |
Afternoon Apple |
|
13:15~16:25 |
Afternoon Study Hours |
|
16:25~1815 |
Extracurricular activities |
|
1815~1915 |
Bath, Dinner |
|
19:20~19:30 |
Corvee |
|
19:35 |
Evening Apple |
|
20:00~22:10 |
Evening Study Hours |
|
22:30 |
Sleep Bell |
(5) Program
of National Defense Academy
(NDA).
|
|
|
Leadership |
Followship |
|
|
|
Education |
Military |
Dormitory |
Extracurricular |
|
Level 1 |
Early education as the foundation |
General military exercises |
Dormitory life that is still imitative |
Must always be present to participate |
|
Level 2 |
Basic education in accordance with the major |
- Development
of each individual operation - Introduction
to maritime basics |
For example (educate level 1 directly) |
Skill training |
|
Level 3 |
In-depth course material |
- Individual
operation training - Marine
depth |
Deepening before being the oldest level |
Show proficiency |
|
Level 4 |
Development of course material |
Strengthening maritime science |
Supervisor (supervises all levels below) |
As a mentor |
(6) Major in National Defense Academy (NDA).
Undergraduate Course
School of Liberal Arts and
General Education
1)
Department of General
Education
2)
Department of Physical
Education
3)
Department of Foreign
Languages
4)
Department of Mathematics
School of Humanities and Social Sciences
1)
Department of Humanities
2)
Department of Public Policy
3)
Department of International
Relations
School of Applied Sciences
1)
Department of Applied
Physics
2)
Department of Applied
Chemistry
3)
Department of Earth and
Ocean Sciences
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1)
Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering
2)
Department of
Communications Engineering
3)
Department of Computer
Science
4)
Department of Materials
Science and Engineering
School of Systems Engineering
1)
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
2)
Department of Mechanical
Systems Engineering
3)
Department of Aerospace
Engineering
4)
Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
School of Defense Sciences
1)
Department of National
Defense Studies
2)
Department of Strategic
Studies
3)
Department of Leadership
and Military History
Graduate Course
Graduate School of
Engineering and Science
Graduate School of Defense
Sciences
(7) Physical
and military training while inNational
Defense Academy (NDA). Military training 2 JP every Sunday during the academic
season and intensive military training in spring (1 week), winter (1 week),
fall (1 week), and summer (4 weeks). TOTAL MILITARY TRAINING 1,008 JP.
c) Tour of existing infrastructure.
1) Overview of the National
Defense Academy Auditorium and Museum Facilities
%20865-883.fld/image003.png)
Figure 1. Hall of the Auditorium at the
National Defense Academy
%20865-883.fld/image004.png)
Figure 2. National Defense Academy Museum
%20865-883.fld/image005.png)
Figure 3.
Overview of teaching and learning activities at the National Defense Academy
(1)
Life of the Cadet National
Defense Academy. Life on the NDA is in large part divided into 3 parts. The
first is Dormitory, Military, and Academic Life.
(a)
Dormitory life at NDA is based on the Followership and
Leadership traits of the Cadets. Dormitory life at NDA revolves around a lot of
rooms, in one room there are levels 1 to 4 and also consists of a mix of matra,
land, sea and air.
This
is intended so that NDA Cadets are accustomed to the direct relationship
between seniors and juniors, so that at the time of service there will already
be a relationship that can become the basis for carrying out duties on service.
Likewise, with the mixed mat, which aims to allow Cadets to learn to integrate
between dimensions.
(b)
Military life at NDA is one of the main parts of NDA, where
Cadets are instilled with military basics which will later be used when
entering service. Military exercises in the NDA are divided into Seasonal
Military Exercises, and Weekly Military Exercises. For weekly military training
is one of the mandatory credits that must be carried out to get graduation in NDA. In weekly military training, each
force carries out training in accordance with what has been determined by the
teacher and aims to support the main training in the seasonal military
training. For Seasonal military exercises, this is the peak of the training
that has been carried out during the Weekly Military exercises, and ranges from
1 month in the summer and 2 weeks during the winter.
(c)
Academic life at NDA is
also an important aspect of the NDA curriculum. Academic life at NDA starts
from level 1 which is divided into 2 faculties, namely Science and Social and
only starting from level 2 to 4 Cadets will start learning about the majors
which will be studied more deeply. Cadets are required to take 154 credits up
to level 4 as a graduation requirement and get a graduation certificate from
the NDA.
(2)
Potential Difficulties and
Challenges faced as a Cadet at the National Defense Academy, are challenges in
the academic field as well as adaptation to the culture, systematics and work
ethic of Japanese society.
(a)
The challenge in the
academic field is that during their education at NDA, Cadets are required to
produce several studies on various themes.
(1) Language Level.
Language Cadets, during the Japanese language learning period,
there are assignments in the form of brief presentations, speeches and writing
of papers with socio-cultural themes.
(2)
Level 1.
In addition to the assignment of basic
natural and social science lecture reports, Grade 1 Cadets receive lessons in
defense science and leadership. In this lesson there is an assignment of
writing papers related to leadership.
(3) Level 2
Grade 2 cadets have the task of writing
studies on military history, both world and Japanese. In addition, level 2
cadets are starting to be involved in caring for their junior cadets. For
cadets who are in office, they are required to make a vision, mission and care
plan for level 1 cadets.
(4) Level 3
At level 3, cadets are also given the task of
writing research papers related to defense science lessons. In the scientific
field of study, level 3 is required to write a thesis plan that will be
implemented at level 4.
(5) Level 4
Cadets level 4, as a final assignment there
is writing a thesis as a graduation requirement based on college majors. The
material for this thesis starts from the beginning of level 4 with the
implementation of determining the title of the thesis, carrying out experiments
or research. Furthermore, the writing of the thesis and presentation of the
results in front of the examiner. With the learning method given to the NDA
cadets mentioned above. The habit of writing starts from the earliest stages of
education to the end, namely writing a thesis as a graduation requirement,
encouraging NDA cadets to always be active in conducting research and study
work.
(b) The next challenge is how to adapt to the
culture, systematics and work ethic of Japanese society.
(1) Carrying out education with language provision which is only
carried out for one year, cadets are required to be able to adapt to the
culture, language and lifestyle of Japanese society which is known for its high
work ethic and standards.
(2) Especially deepIn lecture activities, cadets are required to be
able to follow the detailed and complex rhythm of Japanese campus learning.
(3) This is a challenge for the cadets to get morecreative and active
to develop themselves effectively and efficiently in preparing and carrying out
lecture activities.
(c) Another challenge is defending the TNI
Doctrine.
(1) The challenge as an international student is
being able to participate actively in the NDA cadet organization. Even though
there are language limitations and other difficulties, international cadets
still have the opportunity to compete in the NDA cadet organization.
(2) The challenge for international cadets in NDA
is to remain firm and firm in adhering to the TNI's doctrine, which is in a
position to study in other countries. This is because the educational
background and character are also different, so they must adhere to the TNI
doctrine.
(3) The cadets must be able to control themselves
so they are not influenced or offended by bad ideology or culture from other
countries. Because in NDA there are various kinds of students with the ideology
of their respective countries. As TNI and Indonesian citizens, they must be
firm with Pancasila ideology and uphold the values of soldiering.
(d)
Comparison with Cadet life
in Indonesia.
(1) The difference in the way of life in NDA and in the TNI Academy is the
granting of freedom of activity for NDA cadets
whose implementation tends to depend on the
independence of the Cadets to obey the rules without hard pressure. An example
is the use of communication tools; NDA cadets can carry and use cellphones
freely in the knighthood, but when entering during activities each cadet will
consciously keep them and not use communication devices. Another example is the
implementation of independent sports; in general there is no implementation of
joint physical training except in military training. Cadets independently carry
out physical training according to the desired portion. In the pre-pandemic
period, NDA Cadets were also allowed to carry out outdoor running without
supervision.
(2) For a comparison of dormitory life and between Cadets, the thing that
stands out is the form of coaching in the form of actions towards juniors.
There is no act of physical touch in NDA Cadet coaching. Actions are carried
out in the form of physical coaching or verbal advice. Japan is very strict on
its prohibition on Power-Harassment so the regulation also applies to the
Japanese self-defence forces and the NDA. Even in physical development, the
giver of action must also carry out the same physical activity as the one being
punished; For example, if you crack down on a junior with an order to run
around the field, the follower must also run to accompany the junior. Most
actions are only carried out by giving facing orders and then giving verbal
advice to the junior.
(e) Things to be discussed:
1)
Overview of the History of
NDA
According toKawano(2008)the National Defense Academy program is a Japanese MoD offer through the
Republic of Indonesia's Defense Department. The dispatch of the first batch of
National Defense Academy Cadets in 1998 totaled 6 (six) people consisting of 2
(two) Cadets for each term, originating from Taruna Nusantara High School
graduates who participated in the TNI Academy's pantukhir. The dispatch of the
second batch of Cadet National Defense Academy and so on is 2 (two) people from
2 (two) dimensions. In 2010, 3 (three) Cadets were sent, the latest from Taruna
Nusantara High School. In 2011 the dispatch of the first 3 (person) Cadets from
the TNI Academy Cadet was represented by 1 (one) cadet each from each
dimension. In 2015 the sending of TNI Academy Cadets was stoppedat the discretion of the
Minister of Defence, Mr. Ryamizard Ryacudu. However, sending TNI Academy Cadets
was reopened under the leadership of the Minister of Defense, Mr. Ryamizard
Ryacudu, by sending back 3 (three) TNI Academy Cadet representatives from each
dimension in 2019. In 2020, sending 2 (two) TNI Academy Cadet, where Matra Laut
did not send his cadets. In 2021 and 2022, the TNI Academy sent 3 (three) TNI
Academy Cadets, but at the request of the Japanese Ministry of Defense, 2 TNI
Academy Cadets were selected to attend education at the National Defense
Academy. On the next occasion in 2023, the Indonesian Ministry of Defense hopes
that there will be another sending of TNI Academy Cadets at least 3 (three)
Cadets.
2) The number of Cadets currently
studying at the National Defense Academy in Japan starts from the Language
Level up to level 3, with the following details:
%20865-883.fld/image007.png)
Figure 4. Academic Requirements
From
these data it can be seen that every year the NDA recruits relatively the same number
of Candidate Officers, namely around 400 to 500 people, while each batch has 40
to 60 Female Cadets or around 12% of the total number of NDA Cadets.
3)
International Exchange
Programs. The National Defense Academy carries out an international student exchange
program, both for Japanese foreign cadets studying at Japan's NDA, and Japanese
cadets studying abroad.
%20865-883.fld/image009.png)
Figure 5. Foreign Cadet Undergraduate Course
%20865-883.fld/image011.png)
Figure 6. Long-Term Exchange Program
%20865-883.fld/image013.png)
Figure
7. Short-Term Exchange Programs.
%20865-883.fld/image015.png)
Figure 8. International Cadet's Conference
As for the Animo who
registered as NDA Students as many as 4,000 people and those who were accepted
as Cadet National Defense Academy were around 400 people (+/- 10% of the total
Animo Registrants. Comparison of Syllabus and Education System between the NDA
and the TNI Academy.
There are 2 (two) majors
that must be chosen by NDA Cadets, namely Humanities and Social Sciences and
Science and Engineering, with a total of 152 credits as a graduation
requirement. Academic programs or lessons given to NDA cadets are general
education, foreign languages, physics, special lessons according to majors and
defense science. The military education program at the beginning of the year
consists of an introduction to the basics of the military, consisting of class
lessons and field practice, in accordance with the goals and functions of the
Self-Defense Forces, and at the end of the first year, cadets will carry out
visits to the Armed Forces. The Japanese Army, Navy and Air Force are in accordance
with their interests to get a first-hand description of military institutions
in Japan.
The Military Academy in
Indonesia is generally divided into 3 dimensions, namely the Military Academy
(Akmil), the Naval Academy (AAU) and the Air Force Academy (AAU).
a) The Military Academy has 5
Study Programs namely the Defense Administration Study Program, the Defense
Electro Study Program, the Defense Machine Study Program, the Defense
Management Study Program and the Civil Defense Study Program, each study
program has a total of 144 credit credits as a graduation requirement. Of the 5
existing Study Programs, the Military Academy is spread into 13 branches,
namely Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, Engineers, Equipment, Aviation, Air
Defense Artillery, Transportation, Pom, Finance, Law, Ajen and Bekang
b) The Naval Academy has 5
branches, namely Marine Corps, Marine Defense Management Study Program, has 153
credits, Corps of Engineering, Warship Mechanical Engineering Study Program,
has 153 credits, Electrical Corps, Warship Electronics Study Program, has 154
credits, Supply Corps, Logistics Management Study Program and Sea Defense
Defense Finance, has 151 credits, Marine Corps Land Aspect Sea Defense
Management Study Program, has 153 credits
c) The Air Force Academy has 5
Study Programs, namely the Defense Auronetics Engineering Study Program, has
157 credits, the Defense Electrical Engineering Corps, has 157 credits, the
Defense Management Engineering Study Program, has 157 credits.
CONCLUSION
Visitation
of Directorate General of Defense Forces
and the Ministry of Defensealong
with the delegation at Japan's National Defense Academy is carrying out the
Periodic Evaluation and Comprehensive Study of the NDA graduate admissions
program and their Career Development and carrying out a Comparative Study to
the NDA in order to enhance cooperation between the Ministry of Defense,
especially with the NDA. It implies an in-depth understanding of basic military
education and training methods provided for officer candidates in the academy.
With the sending of the Cadet National Defense Academy, Japan has a positive
impact, namely maintaining good diplomatic relations between Indonesia and
Japan. Strategically able to deepen Japanese Doctrine, Mindset, Army Culture
and Society. TNI Academy cadets in their studies at the Japanese National
Defense Academy can master several foreign languages, namely Japanese; English
and 1 (one) other foreign language according to his choice. Furthermore, TNI
Academy Cadets who carry out Study Tasks at the Japanese National Defense
Academy will have the insight and ability to survive in foreign countries.
Learning at the Japanese National Defense Academy will get the opportunity to
take part in Integration Education and Training with Cadet from other countries
such as Thailand, the Philippines, South Korea and the US, France, etc. With
the sending of Cadet National Defense Academy Japan, the Indonesian Military
Cadet Academy will have Open Intelligence capabilities. Learning at the
Japanese National Defense Academy will get the opportunity to take part in
Integration Education and Training with Cadet from other countries such as
Thailand, the Philippines, South Korea and the US, France, etc. With the
sending of Cadet National Defense Academy Japan, the Indonesian Military Cadet
Academy will have Open Intelligence capabilities. Learning at the Japanese
National Defense Academy will get the opportunity to take part in Integration
Education and Training with Cadet from other countries such as Thailand, the
Philippines, South Korea and the US, France, etc. With the sending of Cadet
National Defense Academy Japan, the Indonesian Military Cadet Academy will have
Open Intelligence capabilities.
Academic
comparison, having equality in graduation both at Military Academies in
Indonesia (using a minimum of 144 credits), as well as at the Japanese National
Defense Academy (using a minimum of 152 credits), in accordance with the
undergraduate graduation standard (one) both in Indonesia as well as in Japan. It
was concluded that the program for sending cadets to the Japanese National
Defense Academy. needs to be continued, including the potential to send cadets.
The
working visits carried out can provide a positive comparison of the care system
for cadets in NDA with TNI Academy cadets, see first-hand the Infrastructure,
Facilities and Infrastructure owned by NDA and compare with facilities owned by
the TNI Academy, provide a real picture of the activities and daily life of NDA
Cadet in campus, so that it can serve as a reference for the development of the
TNI Academy.
Visitation
of Directorate General of Defense Forces
and the Ministry of Defenseand the
delegation is part of the discussion exchange on the education system between
Indonesia and Japan. Understanding the differences and similarities that exist
in each country. It is hoped that in the future further education for TNI
Academy Cadets can be improved in quality and adapted to the latest
international situation so that the two parties can work together smoothly.
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Copyright holders:
Syabilarrasyad, Jusuf Irianto,
Fendy Suhariadi (2023)
First publication right:
Devotion - Journal of Research and Community
Service
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