SOCIAL LEARNING PROCESS IN HOUSEHOLD
ELECTRICITY THEFT: CASE STUDY IN TANJUNG BURUNG VILLAGE, TELUKNAGA DISTRICT,
TANGERANG REGENCY
Sayyidah Nailu Afiyah
Faculty of
Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
|
KEYWORDS electricity theft; imitation; weak law; social learning; legal
electricity; illegal electricity; Tanjung Burung Village |
ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the process and factors behind the
collective theft of electricity in Tanjung Burung Village. This research used qualitative methode with data collection
by observation, interviews and documentation. In analyzing the collective
theft of electricity in Tanjung Burung Village, we use the concept of social
learning theory from Ronald Akers which focuses on four main concepts,
differential association, definition, differential reinforcement, and
imitation. The results of this study show that electricity theft in Tanjung
Burung Village occurs because of the existence of criminal values transmitted
through contact access that supports criminal behavior and a weak legal
system against electricity theft behavior. In the concept of differential
association, a person is faced with behavior that is profitable to commit
electricity theft so that it is considered a definition that is justified and
not too bad to do. In differential reinforcement there are rewards and
punishments obtained by the perpetrator but this does not make a deterrent
because there are various ways to take the peaceful way. Electricity theft
that continues to occur collectively is generally motivated by imitate some
behavior from previous perpetrators and supported by weak laws. |
INTRODUCTION
The use of electrical
resources has become part of people's lives which has many meanings in everyday
life, both in terms of matters related to the elements of quality of life and
in terms of supporting productivity (Akhadi, 2009). The use of electrical resources increasingly has a place in society. This
can be seen in the production of electricity resources which are increasing
every year. During 2021, the production ofelectricity resources (including
purchases from outside PLN) amounted to 289,470.57 GWh. Of this production,
electrical energy purchased from outside PLN amounted to 106,496.69 GWh
(36.79%). The purchase of electrical energy increased by 9,337.95 GWh or 9.61%
compared to the previous year (PLN Statistics, 2021a).
The increase in electricity production is motivated by
the increasing public need for electricity so that the consumption of
electricity used by the Indonesian people also increases. This can be seen in the increase in
electricity sales. Where the amount of electrical energy in 2021 sold was
257,634.25 GWh. Customer groups Industry consumes 80,904.45 GWh (31.40%),
Households 115,370.05 GWh (44.78%), Businesses 44,440.85 GWh (17.25%), and
Others (social, government buildings and public street lighting) 16,918.91 GWh
(6.57%). The largest electricity sales are found in household customer groups.
In addition, the number of customers at the end of 2021 was 82,543,980 and
there was an increase in subscribers by 4.49% from the end of 2020 (PLN
Statistics, 2021b). However,
the increase in the number of electricity consumers and sales is
inseparable from the various problems faced by the State-owned Electricity
Company (PLN). These problems can occur in network shrinkage or the level of
loss (losses) of electrical energy
from transmission and distribution networks.
The cause of electrical energy losses can be technical
and commercial errors. Technical errors can occur due to improper distribution
system design. Meanwhile, commercial errors can be meter defects, errors in
meter readings and electricity theft (Sharma et al, 2016).
Various efforts have been made to reduce the number of losses
or shrinkage that can gradually improve. During2021, energy shrinkage was
8.59%, consisting of transmission shrinkage of 1.97% and distribution shrinkage
of 6.77%. Energy shrinkage in 2021 is better than in 2020, which is 9.15% (PLN
Statistics, 2021c).
With the decrease in energy shrinkage, it is
not instant that electrical problems have been resolved. There are various
electrical problems that have not been completely addressed, one of which is
electricity theft which is carried out in various modes and occurs in various
regions. One of the places where electricity theft occurs is in the PLN Area of
the Customer Service Implementation Unit (UP3) Teluknaga. This is as in the
monthly shrinkage data calculated from 2020-2021 in the PLN UP3 Teluknaga area:
Figure 1. Shrinkage PLN UP3 Teluk Naga
From the data above, it can be seen that there is still a high level of
energy shrinkage in the PLN UP3 Teluknaga work area. The shrinkage rate has
gone up and down every month in different years, starting from 2020 to 2022.
The lowest shrinkage rate in PLN Teluknaga area was 8.34% in October 2020 while
the highest rate was 14.20% in April 2020. The rise and fall of energy
shrinkage levels in PLN Teluknaga area is caused by various factors, one of
which is electricity theft which is still rife in the PLN UP3 Teluknaga work
area. Electricity theft that is rife in PLN Teluknaga area is one of the
contributors to shrinkage in the area.
The working area of PLN UP3 Teluknaga is 389 km² which covers 15
sub-districts with 136 villages or kelurahan (Youtube PLN UP3 Teluk Naga,
2019). Where Tanjung Burung Village, Teluknaga District is one of the villages
that is the scope of work of PLN UP3 Teluknaga.
Tanjung Burung Village is one of the villages contributing to the high
level of losses in the UP3 Teluknaga working area with the
illegal use of electricity by the community so that Tanjung Burung Village is
considered a red zone in contributing to losses. Electricity theft that
occurs is carried out by PLN customers and non-customers in various modes and
ways whose installation regulations do not meet PLN standards and procedures.
There are various modes used to obtain illegal electricity, such as direct
connection from the Electric Power Network (JTL) to Customer-Owned
Installations (IMP) or
known as by pass, tapping electricity
with ownership of kWh meters or without ownership of kWh meters or known as levering
and various other modes. Theft of electricity in Tanjung Burung Village
has become a common action to do so that it can harm the State-Owned
Electricity Company (PLN) because it has eliminated the main commodity in the
form of electrical energy.
There have been
previous studies that have conducted studies on electricity theft, such as
research conducted by (Sharma et al, 2016) where electricity losses
occur due to technical and commercial problems in the form of meter defects,
electricity theft, improper distribution system design and so on. Previous
research saw electricity theft as a crime that can be stopped through technological
restrictions by making electrical theft detection tools. This is in line with
research conducted by (Sony et al., 2016). where the detection
of electricity theft is carried out by utilizing a
device paired to a kWh meter to monitor the amount of electricity consumption.
However, the existence of technology to detect electricity theft has not been
able to change the habit of stealing electricity carried out by the people of
Tanjung Burung Village even though it has been regulated in the Electricity Law
No. 30 of 2009 article 51 (paragraph 3) which reads;
"Any person who uses electricity that is not his
right unlawfully shall be punished with a maximum imprisonment of 7 (seven)
years and a maximum fine of Rp2,500,000,000.00 (two billion five hundred
million rupiah)."
The law governing electricity theft is only considered a
written regulation so that the people of Tanjung Burung Village continue to
carry out deviant behavior in the form of electricity theft. This deviant
behavior is carried out collectively so that this paper is here to study and
find out more about the background of the people of Tanjung Burung Village
committing unlawful acts by stealing electricity.
The purpose of this
research is; (1) to find out the process of unlawful
acts by stealing household electricity carried out collectively by the Tanjung
Burung Village community, (2) to find out the efforts made by PLN in handling
cases of electricity theft collectively.
RESEARCH METHOD
This study aims to explain the theft of household electricity using a
qualitative research approach because it can develop sensitivity to concepts
and depictions of reality that are not singular (Idrus, 2009). This research is a case study
by conducting a research process on certain units or cases, namely cases of
theft of household electricity that occurred in Tanjung Burung Village. Thus,
the research subject chosen by the researcher is based on certain criteria so
that the information obtained is more accurate. The criteria for selecting
research subjects are the people of Tanjung Burung Village who are customers or
non-customers of PLN who have illegal electricity connections or steal
electricity for their household needs. The selection of informants uses snowball
analysis units to make it easier to obtain informants who match the criteria
mentioned. The research process was carried out in order
to obtain key informants who are relevant to this research theme (Idrus, 2009).
The research was conducted in Tanjung Burung Village, Teluknaga District,
Tangerang Regency, Banten. Researchers chose the area because Tanjung Burung
Village is one of the contributors to energy losses in the PLN UP3 Teluknaga
royal area.
In the research process, data collection uses two types
of data, namely primary and secondary data.
The primary data is sourced from observations and interviews. In this
process, data is obtained from various things seen, heard, and
observed. While secondary data comes from various literature, such as
books, magazines, journals, and various literature related to this research
topic.
After the data is collected, a data analysis is carried out so that the information that has been obtained during the research can
be collected more clearly. The data that has been collected will be analyzed
with a qualitative approach interactive model proposed by Miles and Huberman,
which consists of three main things, namely data reduction, data presentation
and conclusion drawing (Idrus, 2009).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Electricity theft is an illegal act with a form of energy loss that is
non-technical, including illegal connections, tapping, affecting measuring
instruments or meters, and various other modes with the aim of getting cheaper
or free electricity (Dick, 1995, in Depuru et al, 2011). There are several
communities in Tanjung Burung Village that have not been connected to legal
electricity so various ways are done to get daily electricity needs. One of
them is by stealing electricity in various ways such as making a direct
connection from the Electric Power Network (JTL) or electricity poles to
Installations Owned by Electric Power Users (IMP) without kWh meters or without
legal rights regarding the use of electricity. This makes the perpetrator have
no electricity bill at all. There is also electricity theft with the possession
of kWh meters so that perpetrators commit electricity theft only for part of
their electrical power which is intended for certain objects with large
electrical power, such as refrigerators, televisions, rice cookers, Air Conditioners (AC), and other electronic objects.
Another way is to ride to the nearest house or known as levering, which is the distribution of electricity from PLN
customers to non-customers. Generally, levering will be charged a monthly fee
paid to the owner of the kWh meter with
an agreement between the two parties, between the owner of the kWh and someone
who does the levering, but usually the owner of the kWh meter also
steals electricity so that the electrical power used is enough to flow other
parcels, the strength of the power owned and the electricity bill paid to PLN
is not too large
There is a process of electricity theft that has become a
habit and is carried out collectively and for generations by the people of
Tanjung Burung Village. The process of electricity theft will refer to the theory developed by Akers regarding social learning with a focus on
four main concepts, namely differential association, definition, differential
reinforcement, and imitation.
Differential Association
Differential association refers to the process by which a person is faced
with a favorable or unfavorable definition for unlawful or law-abiding
behavior. In differential associations there is an interactional dimension,
namely the existence of direct relationships and interactions with people
involved in deviant behavior (Akers, 2013).
The electricity theft that occurred in Tanjung Burung Village was faced
with a mature thought process regarding the gains and losses of the actions he
committed. The profits obtained from the theft of electricity in Tanjung Burung
Village make this action will continue to be carried out. In addition, there is
an interactional dimension with relatives who engage in deviant behavior with
the benefit obtained in the form of levering
so that it is able to flow other parcels without a shortage of electrical power
with bills that are cheaper than the amount of power used.
Usually levering is always
accompanied by a direct connection or by pass
so that the
power used is able to supply electricity to other parcels and so that
electricity bills are not too large and even free. By pass or direct connection
can be done for the entire flow of electricity or only for part of the flow of
electricity. By pass is done for some
electricity flow usually with a kWh meter while by pass is done for all electricity flow usually without ownership
of a kWh meter so that the electricity obtained comes from a direct connection
to the Electric Power Network (JTL) without going through a kWh meter. This
illustrates that the perpetrator is a non-customer who uses electricity without
a legal base so that he has no electricity bill at all even though he uses
large electrical power.
Electricity theft that occurs in Tanjung Burung Village is a beneficial
action for perpetrators because some of the perpetrators do not need to pay
electricity bills or pay electricity bills at low prices with greater
electricity consumption. Thus, PLN, the state and PLN customers are victims who
are harmed from cases of electricity theft.
In addition, in
differential association there is a model imitating with differential
reinforcement in the form of sources, schedules, values, and quantities. The
model of mimicking in differential associations is found in groups that come
from family and friends, with associations that occur in the form of priority,
duration, frequency, and intensity that occur tend to last longer and more
often by involving others who have closer relationships so that will tend to
have a greater effect on imitative behavior (Akers,
2013).
Imitating models that
come from family or friends can result in acts of electricity theft in Tanjung
Burung Village occurring collectively. This is based on various social learning
mechanisms and differential strengthening in the act of electricity theft.
Differential reinforcement in the act of electricity theft comes from various
groups, such as from PLN or from someone who understands electricity, known as
village PLN. Village PLN services are widely used by the surrounding community
to levering, by
pass and repair other electrical equipment. Generally, village PLN has a
dual profession because illegal electricity installation work is not always
there every day.
Theft of electricity sourced from PLN and PLN kampung seems to have become
a common practice which is then carried out collectively by the people of
Tanjung Burung Village so that it is difficult to eliminate and can occur
continuously with a long duration. The benefits obtained make the perpetrators
have no desire and motivation to connect to legal electricity.
Definition
A definition is a person's attitude or meaning attached to a given behavior
as an orientation, rationalization, situation definition, and evaluative
attitude that defines an action regarding right or wrong, good or bad,
desirable or undesirable, justified or unjustified. Everyone has their own
definition of electricity-stealing behavior based on various reasons to stay
connected to illegal electricity (Akers, 2013).
The theft of electricity in Tanjung Burung Village is motivated by a
rationality that the perpetrators are economically disadvantaged people.
Inability is the reason for being able to continue to connect to illegal
electricity. This is in line with (Smith, 2004) research, where the practice of electricity theft is quite common to be
carried out, especially in poor residential areas. Many poor people want
electricity but cannot afford to pay for it, so stealing electricity is a
solution. In addition, there is a situation that encourages and supports
electricity theft which makes this behavior considered as a definition that is
justified by perpetrators and the surrounding community who also commit
electricity theft. Electricity theft that occurs is not only carried out by
perpetrators who do not have a kWh meter, but perpetrators who already have a
kWh meter also commit electricity theft in order to use large power with small
electricity bills and even free. However, while perpetrators can still connect
to illegal electricity, legal electricity is not a top priority so incompetence
is only a protective reason to continue to be able to connect to illegal
electricity.
Economic incompetence is not a
reason to commit electricity theft because there are various solutions offered
to be able to connect to legal electricity, one of which is the PLN program in
the form of installing free kWh meters for poor people (PT PLN Annual Report,
2018), installing kWh meters with gradual payments from the Village Electricity
program (LISDES) held by PLN (RUPTL PLN 2018),
and programs offered by private banks, namely from PT. Mitra Bisnis
Keluarga Ventura or known as MBK bank which offers installments for the
installation of kWh meters with payments that can be paid in installments every
week (mbk-ventura.com).
According to Suryawati (2004), there are four forms of poverty, but the
form of absolute poverty is a definition that is often used. Absolute poverty
is a condition in which the income of a person or group of people is below the poverty
line so that it is insufficient to meet the standard needs for clothing, food,
shelter, health, housing, and education (Marthalina, 2018). From the definition of absolute poverty, people who are classified as
poor people will only need electricity for lighting their homes because they
cannot afford to have many goods that require electrical power. However, electricity theft in Tanjung Burung
Village is generally intended for various kinds of goods that require large
electricity so that
it shows that the perpetrators are not people who are classified as
economically poor because they are able to have various kinds of goods that
require large electricity . A person's ability to buy items that require
electricity should be followed by the ability to connect with sufficient
electrical power. However, in fact this is not the case so that poverty becomes
a protective tool so that perpetrators can still be connected to illegal electricity.
Thus, impoverishment is only a protective excuse used by perpetrators so that
electricity theft becomes a form of behavior that is allowed and justified by
the surrounding community and related parties.
In social learning theory, there are definitions that are general and
specific. The general definition includes religious, moral, conventional and
non-accepting values and norms as well as supporting to commit deviant or
criminal acts. A specific definition directs and supports a person to perform a
specific set of actions (Akers, 2013).
Theft of electricity for various reasons is considered a justified action
by perpetrators and people around who also commit electricity theft. This is
supported by the existence of a specific definition that directs and supports a
person to perform a series of deviant actions. The specific definition is in
line with the actions taken by PLN kampung, namely the act of directing and
supporting electricity theft by assisting the installation of illegal
electricity. However, electricity theft is a behavior that is not justified and
not supported by PLN, this is in line with the general definition that does not
support irregularities. On the other hand, theft has been regulated in the
Criminal Code (KUHP), Chapter XXII, Article 362 concerning theft, namely;
... Taking something, wholly or partly belonging to another person, with
intent to possess unlawfully, is punishable for theft
The law insists that
stealing and breaking the law is not justified. However, on the other hand,
there are actions that approve and support the theft of electricity so that the
law is only considered a written regulation and can even be violated by related
individuals.
The greater a person
disagrees with a particular action, the fewer people engage in it, but
conversely, the more one approves of a particular action, the more likely one
will do it (Akers, 2013). Support for committing electricity theft means agreeing to commit a
criminal act as something that can benefit the commission of a crime or deviant
behavior that is fundamentally positive or neutralizing. A positive definition
is an attitude that makes deviant behavior desirable and entirely permissible.
Meanwhile, a neutralizing definition is an act that supports a crime by
justifying or forgiving it. Deviant actions are considered as something that
may not be desirable but given that the situation remains fine, then it is
justified, forgiven and not too bad to do (Akers, 2013).
The assumption that
electricity theft is only considered as misuse of electricity and is not
considered as electricity theft makes some PLN and village officials provide a
neutralizing definition so that the act of stealing electricity is an
understandable act. One of the village
officials excused this action because of the reason that the community
lacked information about electricity. However, it cannot be justified and
forgiven to continue to commit electricity theft because PLN also continues to
socialize about electricity by distributing sparkles, brochures, putting up
banners about the dangers of stealing electricity and doing socialization by
inviting RT, RW, and several community representatives, but socialization
carried out by PLN is considered ineffective in preventing and reducing
electricity theft. Thus, a definition
once internalized will then govern a person's decision to commit a crime or not
(Lilly et al., 2015). Electricity theft that occurs in Tanjung Burung Village is an act that is
beneficial for perpetrators so that from various definitions, once
internalized, electricity theft will still be carried out.
Differential Gain
Differential
reinforcement refers to the balance of rewards and punishments obtained as a
consequence of the behavior committed. Rewards and punishments will determine
whether a criminal behavior will continue to be repeated again or not (Lilly et al., 2015). The rewards and penalties obtained from the act of electricity theft are
generally in the form of fines or permanent or temporary power cuts. The
consequences obtained determine that the behavior of stealing electricity will
continue to be repeated or not. Continued involvement in crime will reward the
activity. The stronger and more frequent the positive consequences obtained,
the more likely it is that criminal behavior will continue. But on the
contrary, if negative consequences are obtained, it is likely that criminal
behavior will not be repeated again (Lilly et al., 2015).
There are penalties
for any deviant behavior so that the act of electricity theft carried out does
not always run smoothly. The reward for stealing electricity can be in the form of
fines which are a form of negative
consequences, so it should have a deterrent effect and not repeat the fight
again. However, this does not make all perpetrators of electricity theft feel
deterred for their actions because there is an assumption that when the fine
money has been paid, it is allowed to be connected to illegal electricity. In
addition, there are bribes of some money to electricity control officials as a
way to avoid sanctions. This is in line (Smith, 2004), that electricity theft continues to occur because it involves electricity
company employees who are bribed by unscrupulous individuals. Giving a sum of
money or bribes is a solution in order to stay connected to illegal electricity
without following the fine process set by PLN and so that there is no
disconnection to illegal electricity.
According to Katiyar (2005),
the driving factors of electricity theft behavior are an increase in
electricity demand, an increase in electricity tariffs, collusion by
electricity sector managers and the encouragement of the socio-political
environment to commit theft. The
management of the electricity sector colludes openly so that the perpetrators
of electricity theft and electricity control officers can both profits so that
when the consequences of stealing electricity will be given, it can be taken in
various peaceful ways that can benefit the perpetrators of electricity theft
and the electricity control party. The weak laws and consequences of stealing
electricity make electricity theft considered a common thing to do because of
the increasingly frequent positive consequences given by the electricity
control party.
The process of deviant
behavior operates in the social environment in a fairly complex way and corresponds
to a "matching function" in which there is a balance of rewards and
punishments attached to each behavior (Akers, 2013). This is in line with the act of stealing electricity which in the process
looks complicated. Where there is avoidance of the consequences of stealing
electricity by temporarily removing illegal electricity with the help of
village PLN in order to manipulate the use of illegal electricity. Generally,
the removal of illegal electricity is carried out from the existence of issues
circulating in the community that there will be a regulation of electricity.
However, after being felt safe from inspection by PLN, the illegal electricity
will be reconnected in order to meet household electricity needs at a low cost
and even free. Thus, a temporary disconnection of illegal electricity connections
can manipulate that the perpetrator did not commit electricity theft.
Imitation
Imitation refers to
involvement in behavior after observing similar behavior in others. The
imitated behavior will be influenced by the observed consequences (Bandura,
1977). Electricity theft in Tanjung Burung Village occurs because of imitation
found from various parties, both PLN, people who understand electricity or
village PLN, family, friends and the surrounding community who first commit
electricity theft. There are various imitations on how to commit electricity
theft provided by PLN, one of which is information on how to make illegal
electricity connections. This information makes people flock to make illegal
electricity connections together. The imitation of electricity theft provided
by PLN aims to enable its customers to be supplied with sufficient electricity.
Generally, PLN recommends illegal electricity connections in the form of by pass or levering. PLN does not only provide advice to make illegal
electricity connections. However, it is not uncommon to participate in making a
direct connection from the Tenanga Listrik Network (JTL) to the Installation
Owned by Tenanga Listrik Users (IMP) without ownership of kWh meters or with
the ownership of kWh meters. The imitation of electricity theft given by PLN to
perpetrators is generally motivated by compassion due to unfavorable economic
conditions. However, this has violated the written rules in the Regulation of
the Board of Directors of PT PLN (Persero) concerning the Control of
Electricity Consumption (P2TL) number 088-Z chapter 2 article 2, namely;
"Each PLN unit routinely or specifically implements P2TL in order to
regulate the distribution of electricity to avoid electricity hazards for the
community, improve services and reduce shrinkage."
The imitation of
electricity theft carried out by PLN illustrates that PLN's duties and
functions do not work properly in regulating electricity theft and reducing
shrinkage rates. Inline with (Rao, 2001) research, where the electricity law failed to address the problem of
electricity theft, especially failing to provide penalties and reduce the rate
of electricity theft. In addition, criminal law rules are rarely applied to
thieves who are caught or to perpetrators of collusion between employees of a
distribution company and consumers. This is in line with electricity theft in Tanjung Burung
Village, perpetrators of electricity theft can easily escape the punishment
that will be obtained by paying a bribe to the electricity control officer.
Imitation of
electricity theft also comes from someone who understands electricity or known
as PLN kampung which generally offers services for all electrical needs and
often advises customers to connect to illegal electricity. The recommendation
for the installation of illegal electricity aims to make village PLN benefit in
the form of wages from the services it has done. The wages paid are voluntary
so that more and more people in Tanjung Burung Village use the services of PLN
kampung for electricity purposes in their homes because of the cheap and affordable
prices.
Expertise in the field
of electricity owned by PLN kampung is obtained from imitation from previous
actors. The imitation obtained by PLN village in Tanjung Burung Village came
from a family that first did similar work. The imitation given is in the form
of learning about electricity, especially to connect illegal electricity. With
the existence of the village PLN profession, it is very possible to continue to
imitate electricity theft from one generation to the next. The imitation of
electricity theft does not only come from people who understand electricity,
but the imitation of electricity theft also comes from families and surrounding
communities who first commit electricity theft. The imitation is in the form of
information on how to commit electricity theft so that it can motivate people
to continue to connect to illegal electricity, even some of the perpetrators do
not have the motivation to connect to legal electricity
Akers' social learning
theory shows that crime is transmitted in various ways and supported by weak
electricity laws in Tanjung Burung Village, making more and more people commit
crimes together and will occur continuously if electricity officials and law
enforcement do not act firmly with the sanctions obtained by the perpetrators.
CONCLUSION
Based on research that has been done, electricity theft in Tanjung Burung
Village began with imitating previous behavior obtained from various parties,
both PLN, someone who understands electricity and even from people around who
first committed electricity theft. Imitation is done because of the benefits
obtained, some actors do not need to pay electricity bills or pay electricity
bills at cheaper prices with large power consumption. This is also supported by
weak laws or laws that do not work properly as a determining factor that
electricity theft will continue to occur and will be easier to be carried out
by various groups of society without any punishment or sanctions obtained. The
rarer the consequences or punishments obtained, the more likely it will be that
the behavior of electricity theft will continue to be carried out collectively
and will grow if the electricity law does not work properly in Tanjung Burung
Village.
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Copyright holders:
Sayyidah Nailu Afiyah (2023)
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Devotion - Journal of Research and Community
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