STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL OF MANGROVE
AREAS TO SUPPORT ECOTOURISM IN MANGUNHARJO VILLAGE, TUGU DISTRICT, SEMARANG
Rahmadyan
Tefarani, Jafron Wasiq Hidayat, Fuad Muhammad
Postgraduate
Student, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University
Jl. Prof. H.
Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
|
KEYWORDS Ecoturism; mangrove; Mangunharjo |
ABSTRACT Mangrove ecosystems are one of the potential ecosystems to be developed
as ecotourism areas. This study was designed to analyze the suitability of
mangrove areas as objects of attraction in ecotourism development in
Mangunharjo Village, Tugu District, Semarang City. This study looked at 5
variables, namely mangrove type, mangrove density, biota association, thickness, and tides. Sampling was carried
out at 3 stations, 10 plots each. Density data collection is done by counting
each individual on each species in a sampling quadrant of 10 x 10 m.
Identification of mangroves is carried out by Wetlands. The identification
results recorded 8 species of mangrove plants found at the research station. A. marina and R. mucronata species are most commonly found at each station.
Biota found in mangrove areas is quite diverse. The tides in the Mangunharjo
area are not too high, so it is an area that is classified as very suitable
for ecotourism development. The suitability of the Mangunharjo coastal
tourism area for the development of marine ecotourism areas for the three
stations in the category is very suitable to match the IKW value of 68.42 -
96.05%. |
INTRODUCTION
Semarang City is a coastal city that has a coastline of 13.6
km with a population of 1,814,110 people. As a coastal city, Semarang is a
strategic area for various activities such as ports, tourism, fisheries,
agriculture, industry, settlements and others (BPS Semarang City, 2019; Sasmito, 2019; Hadi & Mussadun,
2020). Semarang City has sea waters in the north, making Semarang
City also famous for its potential marine tourism city. Mangroves that grow can
also be used as one of the lungs of the people of Semarang City in accordance
with the ecological benefits of mangrove ecosystems (Ulhaq et al., 2022).
Mangrove ecosystems are one of the potential ecosystems to be
developed as ecotourism areas. Ecotourism in mangrove ecosystems is seen as
synergizing with real forest ecosystem conservation steps. The use of mangrove
ecosystems for ecotourism is in line with the changing trend of interest and
motivation of tourist visits from mass tourism for leisure to ecotourism with
special interest tourism, namely tourist trips with the motivation of visits to
do tourism in which there are elements of education and conservation (Latupapua et al., 2019).
Mangunharjo Village has the potential to be used as an object
and attraction of ecotourism including diversity of mangrove species with various
types of roots such as supporting roots in Rhizhophora
sp., knee roots in Bruguiera sp.,
and peg roots in Avicennia sp.;
mangrove zoning from the coast to the mainland; diversity of faunal species;
and traditional use of mangrove resources by local communities. The potential
of the Mangunharjo mangrove ecosystem can be developed for various tourism
activities such as fishing, birdwatching, boating down the river, educational
tourism, and observation of plant species (Rahmila & Halim, 2018). The purpose of this study was to analyze the suitability of
mangrove areas as objects of attraction in the development of ecotourism in
Mangunharjo Village, Tugu District, Semarang City.
RESEARCH METHOD
Materials
This research was conducted in September - October 2022
located in the coastal area of the mangrove ecosystem in Mangunharjo Village,
Tugu District, Semarang City (Fig. 1).
The coastal land area in Semarang City is 9,111.28 Ha (47.6%) and the water
area is 10,048.80 Ha (52.4%). The area of mangroves in Tugu District currently
reaches 48.2 Ha of the total mangrove area in Semarang City is 96.4 Ha. The
land area is dominated by ponds, rice fields, settlements and industries. The
equipment to be used in this study includes pH meters, refractometers,
salinometers, GPS, roller meters, digital cameras, raffia ropes, iron pegs and
plastic bags. The material to be used is the Wetlands and GIS software website.
Figure 1. Study area at Mangunharjo Village, Tugu District,
Semarang City
Methods
Preliminary
Observations
This initial observation phase was carried out in August 2022
in the mangrove area of Mangunharjo Village by conducting a field survey to identify
and see firsthand the condition mangrove ecosystem at the research site.
Station
Determination
Sampling was carried out at three stations, namely station I
in the area close to the beach, station II in the area close to estuaries and
rivers and station III in the area close to the mainland.
1) Mangrove thickness calculations were carried out at 3 station
points by analyzing Google Earth satellite imagery via arcGIS app.
2) Data collection of mangrove density and type at each
observation station there are 10 plots. Mangrove data collection is determined
at a location that represents each zone of mangrove area contained in the
research site (purposive sampling). Mangrove data were taken from each transect
using the quadratic transect method drawn perpendicularly to the coastline.
Sample plots of tree category measuring 10 x 10 m with trunk diameter ≥ 10 cm
at a height of ≥ 1.5 m, sampling category measuring 5 x 5 m2 (tree
diameter < 10, height > 1.5 m), seedling category measuring 2 x 2 m2
(plant height < 1.5 cm). It then calculated the number of individuals for
each species at each mangrove life stage.
3) Biota object data is obtained by making field observations at
each observation point. Biota encountered directly and indications of their
presence at observation points are observed and recorded. Interviews and
literature studies related to biota in the research area were also conducted as
a reference for the completeness of the data.
4) Tidal measurements are obtained through literature studies.
The data used is the data that best represents the state of the location.
Data
Analysis
Data analysis was carried out to calculate the density of
mangrove species and the suitability index of mangrove tourism using the
following formulas.
The density of
mangrove species was calculated using the formula (Masiyah & Sunarni,
2015)
(1)
The suitability index of mangrove tourism was
calculated using the formula (Yulianda, 2007)
x 100% (2)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Mangrove thickness
Measurement of mangrove thickness of the study location using
Google Earth imagery perpendicular to the land boundary to the sea boundary.
Based on mangrove thickness measurements ranging from 300.90 m – 567.58 m (Fig
2). Based on mangrove thickness measurements, it is known that, the categories
at Stations I, II and III are suitable for tourist activities because they are
more than 300 m. The thickness of mangroves is very important, especially for
mangrove tracking activities and the carrying capacity of areas that can
accommodate visitors. The function of mangrove thickness is a breakwater (Rodiana et al., 2019).
Figure 2. Mangrove thickness Mangunharjo Village,
Tugu District, Semarang City
Mangrove density
Based on the calculation of the density value of mangroves in
the tree category in Mangunharjo Village (Table
1) shows that at Station 1 the species of A. marina and R. mucronata
are most commonly found with density values of 1210 ind/ha and 880 ind/ha,
respectively. At stations 2 and 3 A.
marina species were also found the most with density values of 650 ind/ha
and 670 ind/ha respectively. The dominance is caused because people prefer to
plant mangroves from R. mucronata and
A. marina species, because the two
species are able to adapt in the environment and the fast and easy breeding process
makes the two species grow more in the Mangunharjo area. Dominance of Avicennia sp. and Rhizophora sp. at the observation station indicates that there is a
suitability of Mangunharjo mangrove habitat.
Table
1. Density, Frequency and Dominance in the Tree Phase in the Mangunharjo Mangrove
Ecosystem
|
Species |
STATION 1 |
||||||
|
D |
K |
F |
DR % |
KR % |
FR % |
INP % |
|
|
A. alba |
1026.75 |
860 |
0.7 |
24.34 |
23.56 |
20.59 |
68.49 |
|
A. marina |
1402.87 |
1210 |
1 |
33.25 |
33.15 |
29.41 |
95.82 |
|
R. apiculata |
704.46 |
600 |
0.6 |
16.70 |
16.44 |
17.65 |
50.78 |
|
B. gymnorrhiza |
1.3 |
33.33 |
0.1 |
0.03 |
0.91 |
2.94 |
3.89 |
|
R. stylosa |
2.1 |
66.66 |
0.2 |
0.05 |
1.83 |
5.88 |
7.76 |
|
R. mucronata |
1081.21 |
880 |
0.8 |
25.63 |
24.11 |
23.53 |
73.27 |
|
Amount |
4218.687 |
3649.99 |
3.4 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
300 |
|
Species |
STATION 2 |
||||||
|
D |
K |
F |
DR % |
KR % |
FR % |
INP % |
|
|
A. alba |
638.54 |
540 |
0.5 |
31.29 |
28.47 |
17.92 |
77.68 |
|
A. marina |
753.82 |
650 |
0.8 |
36.94 |
34.27 |
28.67 |
99.88 |
|
R. mucronata |
640.76 |
540 |
0.5 |
31.40 |
28.47 |
17.92 |
77.79 |
|
A. officinalis |
6.03 |
33.33 |
0.33 |
0.30 |
1.76 |
11.83 |
13.88 |
|
X .moluccensis |
1.51 |
133.33 |
0.66 |
0.07 |
7.03 |
23.66 |
30.76 |
|
Amount |
2040.66 |
1896.66 |
2.79 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
300 |
|
Species |
STASIUN 3 |
||||||
|
D |
K |
F |
DR % |
KR % |
FR % |
INP % |
|
|
A. marina |
768.79 |
670 |
0.6 |
90.75 |
90.54 |
66.67 |
247.96 |
|
R. mucronata |
78.34 |
70 |
0.3 |
9.25 |
9.46 |
33.33 |
52.04 |
|
Jumlah |
847.1338 |
740 |
0.9 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
300 |
Mangrove diversity
Based on the identification results, there were 8 species of
mangrove plants found at the research station. Of the 8 species found, only
Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina and R. mucronata were found at all research
stations. According to Siahaan et al., (2020), the small number of mangrove species is due to the large
anthropogenic influence that changes mangrove habitat for other purposes such
as land clearing for aquaculture and settlement. Tari and Siregar (2020) added, low diversity indicates that the ecosystem is
experiencing pressure or environmental conditions have decreased. The decline in diversity growth is due to environmental
pressures that are always changing, as well as the influence of human
activities that are in line with the development of development so that there
is no harmony in maintaining and preserving green areas, especially coastal
areas.
Table 2. Composition of Mangrove Types
in Mangunharjo Area
|
No. |
Species of
mangrove |
Research
location |
||
|
Station 1 |
Station 2 |
Station 3 |
||
|
1 |
Avicennia alba |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
2 |
Avicennia marina |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
7 |
Avicennia officinalis |
- |
+ |
- |
|
5 |
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza |
+ |
- |
- |
|
6 |
Rhizophora stylosa |
+ |
- |
- |
|
3 |
Rhizopora apiculata |
+ |
- |
- |
|
4 |
Rhizopora mucronata |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
8 |
Xylocarpus moluccensis |
- |
+ |
- |
Biota Association
Biota found in mangrove forests is a unique combination of
marine and terrestrial biota. Based on biota found such as fish, birds,
reptiles, crab mollusks, and mammals (Table 3), it is included in the good
category because these types of biota are typical fauna with mangrove habitats (Samsi et al., 2018). The diversity of biota is the main attraction in the
development of ecotourism at the research site. According to Yulianda (2019),
the potential of aquatic biota species that have tourist attractions is
included in aquatic ecotourism commodity objects. The use of environmental
services with the concept of ecotourism is the right effort to maintain the sustainability
of these resources.
Table 3. Biota Association of Mangunharjo Village Mangrove Area.
|
No |
Biota |
∑ Family |
Family of
biota association |
|||
|
1 |
Mammals |
3 |
Mustelidae,
Macroglossus, Herpestidae |
|||
|
2 |
Aves |
8 |
Acanthizidae,
Apodidae, Ardeidae, Cisticolidae, Estrildidae, Ploceidae, Phalacrocoracidae,
Pycnonotidae. |
|||
|
3 |
Reptile |
4 |
Ranidae,
Bufonidae, Pythonidae, Agamidae, Homalopsidae |
|||
|
4 |
Pisces |
15 |
Ariidae,
Belonidae, Carangidae, Chirocentridae, Cynoglossidae, Engraulidae, Gerreidae,
Haemulidae, Lutjanidae, Mugilidae, Scatopagidae, Sciaenidae, Siganidae,
Serranidae. Hemiramphidae. |
|||
|
5 |
Mollusca |
6 |
Ellobiidae,
Potamididae, Ampullaridae, Assiminidae, Littorinidae, Thiaridae |
|||
Tides
Activities suitable for traveling in coastal areas when not
in full tide conditions. Spring tides occur when the Earth, Moon and Sun are in
a straight line (Sun and Moon in opposition). At that time, very high tides and
very low low tides will be generated, because the combination of attraction
from the sun and moon works to reinforce each other. This full tide occurs
twice every month, namely during the new moon and full moon. Precisely occurs
on the 1st of the new moon and on the 14th of the full moon.
Figure 3. Tides of Mangunharjo Village
Suitability index of mangrove tourism
The result of the suitability of mangrove ecotourism is
almost most of the mangrove ecosystem expanse of Mangunharjo Village is
classified as very suitable for ecotourism development. The IKW value at
station 1 is 96.05%; at station 2 78.94% is included in the category of very
suitable for ecotourism development and the IKW value at station 3 of 68.42% is
included in the appropriate category (Table 4). According to Nugroho (2019) in his research, the IKW category value is very appropriate
because the condition of the vast and dense mangrove ecosystem supported by the
presence of beautiful animals and landscapes also adds to the attractiveness of
ecotourism. The condition of mangroves is very unique with the potential of
natural resources in the form of landscapes, flora, fauna and socio-economic
activities can be used as objects and attractions of ecotourism.
Table 4. Percentage of Land Suitability for Mangunharjo
Mangrove Ecotourism
|
No |
Parameter |
Bobot |
Observation Station |
|||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
||||||
|
Score |
Value |
Score |
Value |
Score |
Value |
|||
|
1 |
Mangrove Thickness |
5 |
4 |
20 |
3 |
15 |
3 |
15 |
|
2 |
Mangrove Density |
4 |
4 |
16 |
3 |
12 |
2 |
8 |
|
3 |
Mangrove Diversity |
4 |
4 |
16 |
3 |
12 |
2 |
8 |
|
4 |
Tides |
3 |
3 |
9 |
3 |
9 |
3 |
9 |
|
5 |
Biota |
3 |
4 |
12 |
4 |
12 |
4 |
12 |
|
|
Amount |
|
|
73 |
|
60 |
|
52 |
|
|
Suitabilty (%) |
|
|
96.05 |
|
78.94 |
|
68.42 |
|
|
Category |
|
|
S1 |
|
S1 |
|
S2 |
Based on the results of the assessment at the three locations
of research stations, mangrove areas in the Mangunharjo area are eligible to be
used as mangrove ecotourism because the calculated parameters have met the
requirements and are suitable to be developed as ecotourism attraction objects.
The existence of biota objects such as fish diversity that makes the
Mangunharjo mangrove area a tourist attraction for fishing activities. Based on
observations at the research site, this is supported by local residents who
provide boat rental services for fishing or tracking activities. Mangrove
conservation through mangrove planting that has been carried out by several
parties both from academics and non-academics is no less interesting for
visitors at the research site. Community participation in the preservation of
mangrove areas in a conservative effort by replanting was recommended by
respondents as much as 75.59%.
Reinforced by the statement of Hamzah et al. (2017)that coastal communities also bear a great responsibility
because their daily activities and livelihoods are very dependent on existing
resource services and the impact of their activities on marine and coastal
resources is very high. Ecotourism development will have an impact on the
economy of the surrounding community. This is reinforced by economic valuation
research conducted by Sari et al. (2021), the economic value of mangrove tourism is included in the
high category. Community knowledge and understanding of the economic value of
mangrove tourism is needed, so that they can participate. Abib and Appadoo (2021) added that campaigns and education
are needed to increase awareness of mangrove ecosystem protection. Rianto et
al. (2021)stated that tourism with the concept
of ecotourism with a community-based ecotourism model can contribute or
positive benefits to community empowerment and can be used as a vehicle or tool
to empower the community, especially for local communities who are economically
marginalized or inadequate.
CONCLUSION
Based on the
results of the assessment at the three locations of research stations, mangrove
areas in the Mangunharjo area are eligible to be used
as mangrove ecotourism because the calculated parameters have met the
requirements and are suitable to be developed as ecotourism attraction objects.
Thus, the suitability of the coastal tourism area of Mangunharjo,
Tugu District, Semarang City for the development of
marine ecotourism areas in the mangrove category for the three stations in the
category is very suitable to be appropriate (68.42 - 96.05%).
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Copyright holders:
Rahmadyan Tefarani,
Jafron Wasiq Hidayat, Fuad Muhammad (2023)
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Devotion - Journal of Research and Community Service
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