IDENTIFICATION OF QUANTITY SURVEYOR COMPETENCY RISK FOR COST OVERRUN

Appropriateness of costs in the process of building a high-rise building is one of the success criteria for a construction project. However, the main problem that is often faced by most construction projects is related to the occurrence of cost overruns. Quantity Surveyor has an important role in a construction project. According to IQSI, the role of the Quantity Surveyor consists of 4 main scopes, namely planning and controlling construction costs, documenting the completeness of tender documents, contract administration, and arbitration. This study aims to identify risk factors and risk ratings from the competency of the Quantity Surveyor that have the potential to cause cost overruns. The method used in this study is the Delphi method, to validate the risks obtained from the literature study. From the results of the analysis, 52 variables with a moderate level of risk were obtained, and 3 variables with a high level of risk in the pre-construction and construction stages which could cause cost overruns.


INTRODUCTION
The construction of high-rise buildings is growing very rapidly considering the everincreasing needs but the available land is getting smaller, so that currently many construction projects are underway to meet these needs.The success of a construction project can be assessed from the suitability of quality, cost, time, and satisfaction from consumers (PMBOK, 2013).while throughout the development process there are risks that can lead to cost overruns.The situation of cost overrun can be interpreted where there is a possibility that the costs incurred are greater than previously budgeted (Hansen, 2017), so proper supervision is needed by the Quantity Surveyor.
Quantity Surveyor Association (IQSI) (2019), a Quantity Surveyor is a profession that has expertise in volume calculations, regarding construction work, contract administration, aspects of construction contracts, so that a job can be described, carried out and costs can also be estimated, planned, analyzed, controlled and trusted (Chandramohan et al., 2022).IQSI outlines the role of a Quantity Surveyor into 4 main scopes, namely construction cost planning and control, documentation of completeness of tender documents, contract administration, and arbitration (Victar et al., 2022).Thus, the Quantity Surveyor has an important role and task in estimating and controlling project costs during a construction project.In the Indonesian National Work Competency Standards (SKKNI), Quantity Surveyors are divided into 3 categories of Job Positions, namely Junior Expert, Associate Expert, and Main Expert.Based on their duties in the SKKNI, the Intermediate Expert Work Position has the duties of preparing, making, and carrying out competencies related to the cost plan for the design drawings of the schematic stage and the design development stage (Design Development), final budget plan (Owner Estimate), tender documents, documents contract, interim valuation, cost report, final account, development financing (development appraisal), fiscal depreciation analysis, and loss assessment (Wanda et al., 2016).Thus, a Quantity Surveyor with an intermediate expert work position has an important role and task in estimating and controlling project costs during a construction project.
Quantity Surveyor Association (IQSI) (2019), Quantity Surveyor is a profession that has expertise in volume calculations, regarding construction work, contract administration, aspects of construction contracts, so that a job can be described, executed and costs can also be estimated, planned, analyzed, controlled and trusted (Mbachu, 2015).According to Hansen (2017), Quantity Surveyor is defined as a person who estimates the type and quantity of material including the wages of the work required in a project, and also measures the materials according to the design and specifications into a project.The New Zealand Institute of Quantity Surveyors (NZIQS, 2014) defines a quantity surveyor as a construction cost professional who measures and estimates the cost of resources for construction projects, and whose role includes keeping the project on budget.
Competence is a human characteristic that includes knowledge and skills necessary for effective performance in a profession (Adesi et al., 2018).Competence According to O'Brien et al. (2014), observed that the role of the quantity surveyor includes overseeing financial administration and construction project contracts.A competent Quantity Surveyor is a person who is expected to have a wide range of skills, knowledge and understanding and can apply skills and knowledge in various contexts and organizations (Dada, 2014).
The construction of high-rise buildings in Indonesia is increasing rapidly as basic human needs increase.Construction projects have several limitations and objectives which are known as triple constraints, namely quality, time and cost.In the development process, there are many unexpected risks that can cause cost overruns (O'Brien et al., 2014).According to Mansur, et al (2019) Cost Overrun is a calculation of the final cost of a construction project that is higher than the estimated costs prepared at the start of construction.Cost overruns are common in infrastructure, building and technology projects.Realization discrepancies with expectations in construction projects have the potential to cause losses to the owner/ assignor, implementing contractor, or both.
Cost Overrun is caused by several factors both in the pre-construction phase and the construction phase (Tang, 2021).According to Durdyev (2020), cost overruns occur due to several factors, namely inaccurate estimates, bad planning, financial problems/ bad financial management, price fluctuations, and contract management problems.According to Niazi and Painting (2017) cost overrun occurs due to several factors, namely corruption, unrealistic contract durations, poor financial control, inadequate consultant experience, delays in making progress reports, low motivation, change orders, inflation, inadequate material procurement.Improper bidding processes, and errors in document contracts.Meanwhile, according to Susanti and Nurdiana (2020), cost overruns occur due to change orders, budgeting inaccuracies, inflation, late payments, and poor cash flow.
According to Ives et al. (2017) the rapid development of the construction industry has led to a considerable expansion in the number of roles expected of a Quantity Surveyor, making it necessary to upgrade their skills and competencies.Following the development of current construction projects in Indonesia, there are still many ongoing construction projects, but are experiencing cost overruns even though the Quantity Surveyor has been involved as a planner and supervisor of the costs required during the construction process.To avoid cost overruns, cost control by the Quantity Surveyor is needed starting from the planning process until the completion of implementation (Rahmayanti & Sihombing, 2020).In each competency element of the quantity surveyor, each has a performance indicator as a guide in carrying out the role as a quantity surveyor.In practice, each performance indicator has risks that can cause cost overruns.
Previous research by Olawumi (2016) discussed the competence of quantity surveyors in assessing the cost of construction projects.This study discusses the competence of quantity surveyors in assessing the cost of construction projects and evaluating the performance of quantity surveyors in assessing the cost of construction projects.Furthermore, Gunduz (2018) discusses the perception of cost overrun risk in construction projects.The study used an online survey method to collect data from construction professionals and analyze cost overrun risk perceptions through important indices and frequencies.Therefore, it is necessary to identify risk factors and risk levels, so that they can be avoided to reduce cost overruns.Based on this, this study will discuss the following problems: 1) What are the risks in the performance indicators that affect the cost overrun in the preconstruction and construction stages?2) What is the level of these risk factors in causing cost overrun?

RESEARCH METHOD
In general, research is an attempt to answer questions and solve existing problems (Kurniawan & Puspitaningtyas, 2016).The research method comes from the words method, logos, and research.Method can be interpreted as a way to solve certain problems, logos can be interpreted as science.While research (research) means looking back at the problem to be resolved properly.So, the research method in general has meaning as a problem-solving strategy that is carried out systematically, starting from searching for data, recording, analyzing, to compiling reports.In this study, the Delphi method was used to validate data obtained from literature studies.According to Mansur, et al., (2019) the Delphi method is a well-accepted method, for obtaining expert opinions about a matter in the field of knowledge.
In this study, using a literature study of related research documents as primary data, namely the Indonesian National Work Competency Standards (SKKNI) for quantity surveyor positions and the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (AIQS).Based on the SKKNI, there are 8 competency units for the position of intermediate expert quantity surveyor.Meanwhile, based on AIQS, there are 12 main competencies for the position of quantity surveyor.So, based on the literature study, there are 12 competency gaps, and each competency has performance indicators.Following are the competency gaps obtained from literature studies: The risk factors that cause cost overrun are obtained from each performance indicator, which is obtained as many as 109 performance indicator risk factor variables.Then these risk factors were validated by 5 experts who were educated and experienced in construction, especially as quantity surveyors.After the risk factors have been validated by experts, they will then be included in a questionnaire and distributed to 30 respondents.The questionnaire aims to assess the frequency and impact of the occurrence of these risks using a Likert scale with a value of 1 to 5 for each variable.After the risk factor variables are validated by experts, the risk level values will be calculated using risk level analysis based on PMBOK 5th Edition, 2013, namely: Risk ( R ) = Impact (D) x Frequency (F) With the provisions of the risk rating as follows:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After obtaining the results of data collection from 30 respondents, then the data is processed to the next stage, namely testing the validity and reliability, to find out whether the data used is valid or not.Validation testing uses SPSS software, using the corrected item-total correlation (rarithmetic) compared to rtable.The rtable value is determined by means of a significance of 0.05 with a 2-sided test and the number of respondent data (N) = 30 is 0.361.The results of this test found that 12 variables were declared invalid, while the other variables were declared valid.The next test is the reliability test using the Alpha Cronbach formula with the following conditions: 1) Cronbach Alpha value > 0.9 indicates that the research questionnaire has a perfect reliability factor.
2) The Cronbach Alpha value of 0.7 -0.9 indicates that the research questionnaire has a high reliability factor.
3) The Cronbach Alpha value <0.6 indicates that the research questionnaire is declared unreliable or inconsistent.In this study, the results of the reliability test are listed in the following table: From the results of the reliability statistics test, it can be seen that the value of Cronbach's Alpha is 0.961 with a total of 109 items of variable.According to the table the level of reliability based on the alpha value is between 0.8 to 1.00 so that the level of reliability is very reliable.The results of the reliability test on the data used were 0.961 with a total of 109 variables, so the result was that the data used had a very reliable level of reliability.After testing the validity and reliability, the next step is to analyze the risk rating of 109 variables by calculating the frequency and impact values.The frequency and impact values obtained will then be used for the analysis of the risk rating of each variable for the occurrence of cost overrun using risk level analysis based on PMBOK 5th Edition, 2013.Of the 109 risk variables, 52 variables were obtained with a moderate risk level, and 3 variables with a moderate risk level.high risk during the pre-construction and construction stages.The risk of error in evaluating the project delivery system 0.07 X31 The risk of error in evaluating the project delivery system 0.07 X40 Risk of error in quantifying appropriate resources and their allocation 0.08 X50 Risk of not checking final input documents for bill completeness 0.09 X52 The risk of not checking the significant cost of items and "overwhelming" quantities Yusuf Latief | http://devotion.greenvest.co.id 1845

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Probability and Impact Matrix Source : Project Management Body of Knowledge