Fidel Miro | http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
2330
TRANSPORTATION DISASTER RISK ANALYSIS ON THE ROAD
SEGMENT TAPAN (SOUTH PESISIR, WEST SUMATERA) – SUNGAI
PENUH (KERINCI, JAMBI)
Fidel Miro
Universitas Bung Hatta, Indonesia
Email: fidel.miro@bunghatta.ac.id
KEYWORDS
Risk, Disaster,
Transportation, Link and
National
ABSTRACT
Road segments ranging from local roads to national roads are the most urgent
arteries in the mobilization of goods and people and determine the progress of
economic development. Therefore the road must be constructed in accordance with
the standards set out in the laws and regulations, including here the national road
that has high economic value that connects the two regions of the two provinces
namely Tapan Pesisir Selatan in the West Sumatra province and the Sungai Penuh
Kerinci in Jambi province the two regions is closely related in economic and trade
relations and the distance is only close to 64 km, but the terrain conditions have the
potential to cause traffic accidents because natural factors penetrate row hills that
have high geographical and national road standardization factors that do not have
the attributes of road safety equipment complete. In this regard, it is necessary to
examine how much the level of potential hazards caused by roads through disaster
risk analysis in the transportation sector using the disaster risk analysis model. The
results of the analysis using the disaster risk analysis model of the Tapan Sumbar -
Sungai Penuh Kerinci Jambi road have a high hazard vulnerability level of 8.05 or
above 5 means that this road needs to be improved both its construction and road
safety equipment.
INTRODUCTION
One of the components of the transportation system that functions as the lifeblood of
economic activity is the highway. According to Law no. 38/2004, concerning roads, "roads are
land transportation infrastructure consisting of complementary buildings in the form of bridges,
retaining walls, pontoons, culverts, drainage and equipment in the form of traffic signs and
other safety equipment intended for traffic -public traffic". Among the national road sections
that have the potential to support the growth of economic activity in the two provinces of West
Sumatra and Jambi is the 65 Km long Tapan (South Pesisir District, West Sumatra Province) -
Sungaipuh City, Jambi Province. The Tapan – Sungai Full road section has an important
meaning in the movement of people and goods because apart from being quite close (only 65
Km) with an average travel time of 1.5 to 2 Km, it also provides high access between the two
areas it connects to each other. supplying the necessities of life for the people of the two
regions, namely from Tapan supplied with marine fishery products and coconut while on the
other hand from Sungai Lilin agricultural products in the form of Vegetables and Rice which
can ensure the stability of the availability of goods and prices in the market. If this road section
is impassable, then there is no choice for road users to have to turn far enough with a longer
distance and longer time, namely via South Solok Regency and Padang City as we can observe
in the following map of figure 1.
Volume 4, Number 12, December 2023
e-ISSN: 2797-6068 and p-ISSN: 2777-0915
[ Transportation Disaster Risk Analysis on The Road Segment
Tapan (South Pesisir, West Sumatera) – Sungai Penuh (Kerinci,
Jambi)]
Vol. 4, No. 12, 2023
Fidel Miro | http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
2331
West Sumatera JAMBI
Tapan Sungai Penuh
Figure 1: Map of the Regions of the Two Regions with the Segment Roads.
(Source : Documents of West Sumatera and Jambi Spatial, 2021.
The road section that connects Tapan (South Pesisir, West Sumatra) with Sungai Penuh
City (Kerinci, Jambi), geographically penetrates the Bukit Barisan mountains with fairly steep
topographical conditions through the TNKS Wilderness (Kerinci Seblat National Park) which
is named Sako Forest, where on the left and right of the road there are hilly walls and quite
deep ravines, without guardrails in accordance with the standard for inter-city roads according
to Law 38/2004 with a pavement width of only 6 meters without shoulders, so the condition
threatens the safety of road users, especially large trucks which transport logistics as can be
seen in photo figure 2. Starting from the condition of the Tapan – Sungai Penuh road section,
on the one hand, this is a route that has high economic value and on the other hand, has
topographical and environmental conditions that endanger road users, so in this paper needs to
be analyzed related to Disaster Risk, so that this road continues to play the role of as the
economic backbone of the two linked regions, namely Tapan in West Sumatra and Sungai
Penuh in Jambi.
RESEARCH METHOD
According to Law No. 24 of 2007, concerning Disaster Management, a disaster is defined
as an event that threatens and disrupts people's lives and livelihoods. Disasters can be caused
either by natural factors and/or non-natural factors as well as human factors resulting in human
casualties, environmental damage, loss of property and psychological impacts.
In accordance with the definition of disaster mentioned above, there are 2 forms of
potential disasters that influence each other in this transportation sector, namely natural
disasters due to the natural geographical conditions of the steep Bukit Barisan mountains and
high topography which threaten the emergence of disasters in the form of transportation
accidents, namely transportation mode accidents that occur on land, sea and air.
If a transportation accident disaster occurs on land, namely on certain highway sections,
then the component of the road transportation system in the form of road infrastructure must
be handled immediately with a preventive or long-term approach to make road infrastructure
an object that has resilience to potential disasters (resilience) because infrastructure roads are
one of several critical infrastructures (Aitsi-Selmi & Murray, 2016; Carrington et al., 2021;
Hebden, n.d.; Pearson & Pelling, 2015).
According to Moor (2015), the transportation sector has interdependence with other
sectors outside of transportation, because transportation infrastructure is a complex system,
[ Transportation Disaster Risk Analysis on The Road Segment
Tapan (South Pesisir, West Sumatera) – Sungai Penuh (Kerinci,
Jambi)]
2332
http://devotion.greenvest.co.id|Fidel Miro
which in Indonesia always interacts with other infrastructure systems outside of transportation
because of the nature of transportation supporting other sectors. outside of transportation such
as power, communication, fuel, institutions, financing and other socio-economic (Santamaria-
Ariza et al., 2023).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to Candy. PU No. 19-2011 about. Road Technical Planning Requirements &
Criteria), among which are; Road Body Width (Pavement), Road Capacity, Road Auxiliary
Buildings, Road Equipment, Road Shoulders (for Primary Arterial roads 2 meters. This
requirement is a safety requirement for a Primary Arterial road section that must exist if a road
section is Safe to use.
Observing the existing conditions on the Tapan – Sungai Penuh road section, we can
describe the technical requirements for safe roads to use as follows;
>. Road Body Width Requirements for National Arterial highways are at least 7 meters (2
lanes), while conditions in the field are 6 meters as can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2. One of the Road Segments Tapan – Sungai Penuh with a Width of 5.5 m
without Guardrails and Shoulders on the Left Right side is the Gorge and Cliff Wall
Source : Diunduh dari www.google.com Produy Hasted on Photo.
>. Road Auxiliary Buildings;
Referring to the standards for road complementary buildings according to Law no. 38 of
2004, one part of the road's complementary buildings other than bridges, including Pontoons
or Land Retaining Walls either on cliffs or in ravines/valleys. While the existing condition of
the Tapan – Sungai Full road section, there is no visible complementary section as seen in
Figure 2 above and Figure 3 below.
[ Transportation Disaster Risk Analysis on The Road Segment
Tapan (South Pesisir, West Sumatera) – Sungai Penuh (Kerinci,
Jambi)]
Vol. 4, No. 12, 2023
Fidel Miro | http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
2333
Figure 3. Tapan Road Segment – Sungai Penuh Not equipped Earth Retaining Wall.
Source : Diunduh dari www.google.com Produy Hasted on Photo.
>. Road Equipment;
According to Law no. 38 of 2004 concerning roads, road equipment is in the form of
traffic control signs in the form of signboards enforced by poles, traffic lights or in the form of
road markings above the surface. Observing the condition of the existing road sections, they
are also not equipped with warning signs and road markings as can be seen in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Road Section Bend Segments Tapan – Sungai Penuh withouth Equipped with
Warning Signs Bends and Road Markings.
Source : Diunduh dari www.google.com Produy Hasted on Photo.
Through the photo data described above, the Tapan – Sungai Penuh National road section
can be analyzed for Disaster Risk using the following Disaster Risk Analysis model (United
Nation, 2015) ;
R of D = H . V (1)
C
where;
[ Transportation Disaster Risk Analysis on The Road Segment
Tapan (South Pesisir, West Sumatera) – Sungai Penuh (Kerinci,
Jambi)]
2334
http://devotion.greenvest.co.id|Fidel Miro
R of D = Disaster Risk.
H = Hazard (Potential/Threat Danger).
V = Vulnerability.
C = Capacity (Ability minimize risk).
1. Disaster Risk;
According to WHO (2002), disaster risk is the possibility of experiencing a damaging or
negative impact on the community from a disaster which is a form of functional relationship
between 2 variables, namely potential/threat of hazard) and vulnerability and ability to
minimize risk.
For the case of the State road connecting Tapan – Sungai Penuh, the Disaster Risk can be
categorized as High, Medium and Low with the interval scale as follows;
a. Above 5 (>5) = High.
b. 2 - 5 = Moderate
c. 1 down (< 1 = Low).
2. Hazard Potential/Threat;
Hazards (dangers/threats) are the potential to experience a disaster which can result in
loss of life, injury, or material loss/damage. Potential disasters are characterized by their
location, intensity, frequency and likelihood that they will occur.
To find out the potential or threat of hazard on the Tapan – Sungai Penuh Country road
section, use the characteristics of the location where the Tapan – Sungai Penuh road section is
an Outer City (intercity) road. According to the MKJI standard (Indonesian Road Capacity
Manual, 1997), inter-city roads are of the type; D (Flat), B (Hilly) and P (Mountain) where
Type D (Flat) has no slope, B (Hill) has a medium slope and P (Mountain) has a high road
surface slope. In this case, the higher the slope of the road surface, the greater the potential and
threat of danger. Because the Tapan – Sungai Penuh road section crosses the Bukit Barisan
mountains, this road type is P (Mountain) with a high road surface slope and a large potential
threat of danger. For analysis purposes, these three types of roads can also be quantified as
presented in table 1 below;
Table 1. Type, Degree of Slope and Section Hazard Potential Level Tapan-Sungai Penuh
Section Street.
Road Type
Tilt Degree
Hazard Value
D (Flat)
Low
1
B (Hill)
Medium
2
P (Mountain)
High
3
Source: MKJI, 1997 and results quantification
3. Vulnerability;
Vulnerability according to WHO (2002), is a condition of vulnerability caused by
physical, social, economic and environmental factors related to the effects of hazards. This
vulnerability also describes the inability of individuals, communities or institutions, whether
government or private, to prevent, face, or mitigate the effects of certain hazards.
Quantitatively, this vulnerability can also be seen through the classification of institutional
preventive actions related to road handling, in this case the Ministry and the PUPR Bina Marga
Service, the Ministry and the Transportation Agency which must handle the procurement of
[ Transportation Disaster Risk Analysis on The Road Segment
Tapan (South Pesisir, West Sumatera) – Sungai Penuh (Kerinci,
Jambi)]
Vol. 4, No. 12, 2023
Fidel Miro | http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
2335
road sections in accordance with the Safety Adequacy Standards (SKK) that have been set by
Laws and Ministerial Regulations and weighted as shown in table 2 below;
Table 2. Vulnerability Levels of Road Segments National Tapan – Sungai Penuh.
Road Attribute
Availability
Weight Vulnerability Level
1.Building
Complementary;
Earth Retaining Wall
.
Road Shoulder, Road
Width Design
There isn't any.
There is not Standard.
There is, As Standard.
1 3 (High)
2 2 (Medium)
3 1 (Low)
2.Equipment
Pole Signs,
Road Marking
Guard Rail
Corner Mirror
Street Lighting Lamp
There isn't any.
There is not Standard.
There is, As Standard.
There isn't any.
There is not Standard.
There isn't any.
1 3 (High)
2 2 (Medium)
3 1 (Low)
1 3 (High)
2 2 (Medium)
1 3 (High)
3. Design
geometric;
Roadside,
Lane Width,
Surface Coating.
There isn't any.
There is not Standard.
There is, As Standard.
1 3 (High)
2 2 (Medium)
3 1 (Low)
Source; Observations and Methods Classification.
4. Capacity;
It is the ability of the community or related institutions to prevent it PREVENTIVELY
(before a disaster occurs) and is seen with the responsibility of stakeholders (interested parties)
in the procurement and handling of State roads. Capabilities here are also related to
vulnerabilities as described in table 2 above.
From the results of observations on the environmental conditions of the roads, the
community's ability to prevent before a disaster occurs is still low, it can be rated 1, because
disasters cannot be predicted when they occur.
By applying the Disaster risk determination model above, and using the data observed at
the location of the road section, the Disaster Risk at the location of the Negara Tapan – Sungai
Penuh road section can be determined as follows;
• H ; Hazards; because the road section passes through the Mountain Topography (Type P),
the potential hazard is 3.
• V ; vulnerabilities; vulnerability is determined by the condition of the road segment
attribute;
1. Complementary Building Attributes, all sub-attributes are missing, vulnerability 3
2. Equipment attribute, there is, but not according to standard, vulnerability 2.
3. Geometric Design Attributes, none, vulnerability 3
[ Transportation Disaster Risk Analysis on The Road Segment
Tapan (South Pesisir, West Sumatera) – Sungai Penuh (Kerinci,
Jambi)]
2336
http://devotion.greenvest.co.id|Fidel Miro
So that the average vulnerability value is 3 + 2 + 3 = 8 divided by 3, with a value of 2.67
(close to high).
• C ; Capacity; the ability of the community and government institutions is low with value;
1.Then R of D (Disaster Risk) = 3 x 2.67 = 8.01 (> 5), which means the road National
Tapan – Sungai Penuh has a High Risk.
CONCLUSION
By entering qualitative observation data which is quantified using scale and weighting,
it can be determined that the Tapan – Sungai Full National road section, which has high
economic value in the agriculture, plantation, fishery, building and trade sectors, has a HIGH
Disaster Risk with a value of 8.01.
To related institutions, in order to minimize disaster risk, because this road section has
national status which has high economic value with a distance of only 65 km, with alternative
sections having a distance of over 300 km and turning around to the city of Padang, it is hoped
that the handling will be as follows; 1. Designing the road surface layer with Reinforced
Concrete Cement construction. 2. Holding Road Shoulders. 3. Set up Guatd Rail 4. Make
Pontoons (retaining walls) on the cliff walls of hills and ravines. 5. Procure and make all
elements of road equipment.
REFERENCES
Aitsi-Selmi, A., & Murray, V. (2016). Protecting the health and well-being of populations from
disasters: health and health care in The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 31(1), 74–78.
Carrington, M. A., Ranse, J., & Hammad, K. (2021). The impact of disasters on emergency
department resources: review against the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction
2015–2030. Australasian Emergency Care, 24(1), 55–60.
Hebden, S. (n.d.). Review of the ‘Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2013.’
Pearson, L., & Pelling, M. (2015). The UN Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–
2030: Negotiation process and prospects for science and practice. Journal of Extreme
Events, 2(01), 1571001.
Santamaria-Ariza, M., Sousa, H. S., Matos, J. C., & Faber, M. H. (2023). An exploratory
bibliometric analysis of risk, resilience, and sustainability management of transport
infrastructure systems. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 104063
(Director General of Highways, Ministry of PUPR (1997), Indonesian Road Capacity Manual
(MKJI). Ministry of PUPR, Jakarta.
Law No. 38, (2004), RI Law No. 38, 2004 concerning Roads. Director General Highway
Ministry of PUPR, Jakarta.
Law No. 24, (2007), RI Law No. 24, 2007 concerning Countermeasures Disaster. BNPB.
Jakarta.
Moor, R, et all (2015). Transport Infrastructure Systems in Disaster Risk Management in the
Transport Sector A Review of Concepts and International Case Studies. The World Bank.
United Nation (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
WHO (2002). Disaster Management.
Copyright holders:
Fidel Miro (2023)
First publication right:
[ Transportation Disaster Risk Analysis on The Road Segment
Tapan (South Pesisir, West Sumatera) – Sungai Penuh (Kerinci,
Jambi)]
Vol. 4, No. 12, 2023
Fidel Miro | http://devotion.greenvest.co.id
2337
Devotion - Journal of Research and Community Service
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
International