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ESTIMATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF LARGE PELAGIC FISH

FISHERIES USING SATELLITE DATA IN THE BANDA AND

ARAFURA SEAS

Muhammad Faqih Ahkam

, Ayi Tarya

1,2

Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

Email: ahkammhd77@gmail.com

KEYWORDS

Banda and Arafura Sea,

Large pelagic Fish,

VGPM, Primary

productivity

ABSTRACT

The Banda and Arafura Sea possesses significant potential for the fisheries and

fishing industry in the country. The large pelagic fish production data studied were

derived from satellite imagery data in the Banda and Arafura Seas (2002-2022). The

data of chlorophyll-a content, sea surface temperature and Photosynthetically

Available Radiation (PAR) derived from AQUA MODIS satellite images were used

to estimate the value of primary productivity with the Vertically Generalised

Production Model (VGPM). The results showed that the biomass of large pelagic

fish fluctuated seasonally, with the Banda Sea and Arafura Sea having high average

fish biomass values in the eastern season. With the highest fish biomass peak in

August and the lowest in December. The high value of fish biomass in the Banda

Sea and Arafura Sea is caused by upwelling events where sea surface temperatures

are low but chlorophyll is high. in the Arafura Sea the value of fish biomass is higher

than the Banda Sea, this is due to the large amount of nutrient input from large rivers

in the area.

INTRODUCTION

The Banda Sea possesses significant potential for the fisheries and fishing industry in the

country. WPP 5, out of the total 9 fisheries management areas (WPPs) in Indonesia,

encompasses the Banda Sea. External factors like ENSO, Indonesian Throughflow

(ARLINDO) and Season impact the Banda Sea. The Indonesian monsoon current or Armondo,

is resulting from the seasonal monsoon winds, which leads to monsoon ocean currents within

the Indonesian Archipelago. The monsoon system impacts the current circulation in the Banda

Sea. During the Southeast monsoon (June-August), the surface water is pushed from the Banda

Sea towards the Flores Sea, Java Sea, and South China Sea (Sukresno & Kasa, 2008). The

Arafura Sea is included in WPP 718 with environmental characteristics around the Arafura Sea

that are very diverse influenced by coastal and terrestrial structures and seawater masses from

surrounding waters (Ditjen Perikanan Tangkap, 2009).

Primary productivity is the most important thing in the survival of biota in aquatic

ecosystems. The value of primary productivity can be used to determine the level of fertility in

a body of water (Kemili & Putri, 2012). The food chain starts from phytoplankton as primary

producers who are at the first trophic level, the second trophic level is herbivores or primary

consumers who eat phytoplankton directly, the third trophic level is carnivore 1 or secondary

consumers who utilise the energy produced by herbivores through primary consumers. The

fourth trophic level is a larger carnivore or tertiary consumer that utilises energy from

phytoplankton through secondary consumers. The same process also occurs at the next trophic

level up to the top carnivore. Trophic levels that occur in the water are related to food habit and

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e-ISSN: 2797-6068 and p-ISSN: 2777-0915

[ Estimation of The Potential of Large Pelagic Fish Fisheries Using

Satellite Data in The Banda and Arafura Seas]

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2339

feeding habit. Food habit is the food commonly eaten by fish while feeding habit is the eating

habits of fish. Feeding habit includes how, when and where to eat. Information on feeding habit

is useful for fishing businesses in order to determine fishing areas, planning the time of fishing

operations and planning fishing technology (Simbolon, 2019).

The level of primary productivity can affect the size of the fishery potential of a water

body. Fisheries potential is the ability of the ecosystem to produce fish resources in a certain

unit of time. This is important to know in aquatic resource management efforts. The large

potential of fisheries resources in Indonesia, of course, requires special attention in the

management process. fishing activities carried out by humans without paying attention to

sustainable principles will cause many problems in the future. FAO, (2022), also explained that

the management of fisheries resources can encourage the process of preserving and conserving

fisheries resources and ecosystems, as well as providing facilities for sustainable use. Remote

sensing technology can determine water areas that have the potential for favourable fish

resources to determine the distribution of fish biomass. Satellite observations of primary

productivity help in accurately assessing the photosynthetic process. Net primary productivity

and fish biomass distribution can be estimated using remote sensing data. One of the satellite

images that can be used to estimate the net primary productivity and distribution of fish biomass

in the Banda and Arafura Sea is the Aqua satellite with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution

Imaging Spectroradiometer) level 3 sensor with a resolution of 4 km. By applying geographic

information systems, the three data were processed to produce new information on the

relationship of seasonal variability to the horizontal distribution of primary productivity and

fish catch areas in the the Banda and Arafura Sea.

RESEARCH METHOD

The data used in this study are SST, chlorophyll and PAR from the NASA

oceancolour.gsfc.nasa.gov satellite. The technique used in this method uses visual analysis

based on spatial and temporal. Spatial here means conducting research based on the scope of

space or regional boundaries, namely the Banda and Arafura sea area. While temporal in the

scope of a certain time in a span of 20 years, namely 2002 to 2022.

Vertically Generalised Production Model (VGPM) is used to calculate column primary

productivity from satellite-derived Chlorophyll-a, sea surface temperature and daily sea surface

photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The VGPM formula can be written as follows

(Falkowsky, 1980):

Primary Productivity = 0.66125 x P

opt x (





) x CSAT x Zeu x D

IRR

Zeu =





󰇛





󰇜











󰇛





󰇜















= 󰇫



󰇛





󰇜











󰇛





󰇜









󰇬

opt =









opt = 1,2956 +(2,749 x 10

–1

.x T)+( 6.17 x 10

–2

.x T

)- ( 2.05 x 10

–2

.x T

)+ ( 2.462 x 10

–3

)- ( 1.348 x 10

–4

.x T

)+ ( 3.4132 x 10

–6

.x T

)- ( 3.27 x 10

–8

.x T

)

Primary productivity is the integrated daily carbon fixation at euphotic depth derived

from the chlorophyll equation (mg/Cm-2d-1)

T = sea surface temperature in degrees Celsius

SAT

= sea surface chlorophyll concentration (mgchl/m-3)

opt

= optimal daily carbon fixation rate in the water column [mgCmg Chl)-1h-1 as a

function of sea surface temperature

Vol. 4, No. 12, 2023

[ Estimation of The Potential of Large Pelagic Fish Fisheries Using

Satellite Data in The Banda and Arafura Seas]

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Zeu = deep euphotic depth (metres)

E0 = sea surface daily light intensity (mol quanta m-2d-1)

DIRR = daily photoperiod calculated in decimal hours for the middle of the month

Estimating the potential of large pelagic fish fisheries

Pauly and Christensen (1995) stated that the fish production model can be estimated

through the energy transfer relationship between the lower and upper levels of the food chain.

If it is assumed that primary productivity is 100%, because the average transfer efficiency

between food chain levels is 10%, then the transfer of energy due to predation processes at the

upper level is only 10% and so on.

Following the theory of energy transfer through the food chain process, fisheries

production or fisheries potential in the Banda and Arafura Seas can be approached using the

following equation:

FP = PP x (TE)

(TL – 1)

Dimana :

FP : Fish Production (mg C/m2)

PP : Primary Production (mg C/m2)

TE : Transfer Efficiency (10%)

TL : Trophic Level

By using a conversion factor from carbon weight to mass with a ratio of 9 : 1, then the

potential of fisheries in units of mass can be estimated by the following equation:

FB = FP x 9

FB : Fish Biomass ( in tons)

Correlation Analysis

Correlation is used to determine the relationship between 2 variables, in this study the

relationship between primary productivity and fish catchment area. Correlation can be

calculated with the formula as written in Wirasatriya et al.(2017) :



󰇛



󰇜󰇛







󰇜



󰇛󰇛



󰇛



󰇜󰇜󰇛󰇛







󰇛



󰇜󰇜

(7)

Information :

r = correlation coefficient

x = first variable

y = second variable

N = data

The correlation relationship between two variables is classified in several levels as

written by Sudjana (2005) in Table 1

Tabel 1 . The value of the strength of the relationship as a result of the correlation coefficient

(Sudjana,2005)

Coefficients and Correlation

Relationship Interpretation

0 - 0,2

Very low

0,2 – 0,4

low

0,4 – 0,7

High

0,7 – 1,0

Very High

[ Estimation of The Potential of Large Pelagic Fish Fisheries Using

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

a) Sea surface temperature

Graph1. Monthly Variation of Climatological Sea Surface Temperature

Sea surface temperatures undergo monthly fluctuations. The elevated range of

temperatures in the Banda and Arafura seas oscillates between 27°C and 31°C. Moreover, the

highest monthly average SST of 30.54°C transpires in December, whereas the lowest

temperature of 26.93°C typically happens in August. By October, temperatures experience an

uptick with the sun's southward movement, consequently, intensifying the irradiation's

potency.

During the second transitional season, sea surface temperatures gradually increase from

September to November and reach an even distribution by November. Sea surface temperatures

during the second transitional season in November typically range between 27°C and 30 °C,

which is higher than during the first transitional season. This increase is due to the

accumulation of cold water masses starting from September and October, with temperatures

reaching up to 30.5075 °C. This phenomenon is believed to result from the weakening of

southeast monsoon winds passing through the waters of Arafura and Banda Sea, along with the

insolation process that takes place during the second transition month.

During the West season (December-February), the sea surface temperature in the Banda

and Arafura Seas remains consistently high. The monthly average values for December,

January, and February are 30.54539°C, 29.78859°C, and 29.842620°C, respectively. Notably,

the temperature is at its highest in December. Additionally, the SST in the West season

generally peaks in December and remains high throughout the year. From January to February,

the sea surface temperature experiences a slight decline, with values dropping below 29

C in

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some areas, primarily in the central portion of the Banda Sea. Tristianto et al., (2021), posit

that the high sea surface temperature is likely caused by low wind speeds and evaporation rates

in December, with potential impacts on wind speed, cloud cover, and precipitation during the

rainy season. It is noteworthy that sea surface temperatures were higher during the late March

downwelling.

During Transitional Season I, the sea surface temperatures in the waters of Arafura and

Banda Seas were recorded to be between 28-31.0°C, indicating a decline in temperatures over

time. From the observations, it is evident that the temperature was at its peak in March 2016,

while it was at its lowest in May.

During the East season (June-August), the sea surface temperature in the Banda and

Arafura seas experienced a decrease. The average monthly sea surface temperature values for

June, July, and August were 28.09088

C, 27.15805

C, and 26.93688

C, respectively, with an

equal distribution in August. This cooling trend gradually extended to the waters of Southeast

Aru towards eastern Tanimbar. It is worth noting that June to October usually exhibits cooler

temperatures compared to other months. In June, sea surface temperatures persist to be warm

as they are impacted by the initial transitional season. The temporal cold water mass proves, as

indicated by Riupassa & Wattimuri, (2016) that cold water masses are sourced from not only

northern Australia but also the coast of Papua. While temperatures in northern Australia

decrease as seasons change, they continue to remain warmer in June as a result of rapid

warming. The decrease in temperature becomes more pronounced in July and August as the

cold water mass shifts from the coast of Australia. This low temperature then gradually spreads

to the waters off Southeast Aru and the eastern part of Tanimbar.

b) Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll values fluctuate every month. The highest monthly average chlorophyll

occurred in August with a value reaching 0.73541 mg Chl/m

and the lowest average

chlorophyll was in December with a value of 0.44272 mg Chl/m

Graph. 2 Monthly Variation of Climatology Chlorophyll

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Graph 3 Monthly Climatologic Fluctuations of Sea Surface CO2 Partial Pressure with

Temperature and Chlorophyll in the Java Sea

Temporally when chlorophyll decreases in the west season, followed by a decrease in

primary productivity and fish biomass, in the first transition season the chlorophyll value still

decreases because it is influenced by the previous season. During the eastern season,

chlorophyll values increased followed by an increase in primary productivity and fish biomass.

In the second transitional season, the chlorophyll value decreased.

Generally, the maximum changes in chlorophyll-a concentrations in the Banda and

Arafura Seas occur in August. The concentration of chlorophyll-a in the Banda Sea decreases

as you head south. The concentration of chlorophyll-a in the Banda Sea decreases as you head

south. Chlorophyll-a concentrations remain relatively stable throughout the rest of the Banda

Sea. This is particularly noticeable in the northern area of the Banda Sea. This suggests that

upwelling intensity is greater in the northern part of the Banda Sea. The concentration of

chlorophyll-a in the Banda Sea decreases as you head south.

The chlorophyll concentration in the Aru Sea is higher than that in the Banda Sea. This

is considered to be due to the area's higher susceptibility to heavy rain, which results in greater

discharge of river water and subsequently affects the nutrient input in the sea. Rosyadi, (2018),

suggests that coastal chlorophyll-a concentrations are significantly influenced by rainfall, as it

brings nutrients through river flow or run off. The infusion of these nutrients into the sea

promotes increased fertility in the waters. The elevated concentration of chlorophyll-a is

typically more pronounced in coastal waters than in the open sea. Moreover, the increased

levels of chlorophyll in the Arafura Sea are a result of the influx of nutrients discharged from

large rivers.

During the coastal upwelling in the eastern monsoon, noticeable conditions occur on the

Arafura shelf. According to Westeyn et al., (1990), the waters of the Aru Basin infiltrate

towards the east over the shelf floor from a depth of 100-150 metres until roughly 40-50 metres,

in both the northern and southern regions of the Aru Islands. The high levels of chlorophyll-a

found in the Aru Sea are not caused by river flow but are instead due to the enrichment of

nutrients in the upper layers as a result of vertical mixing with nutrient-rich water found in

deeper layers. During the Northwest monsoon, nutrient concentrations are significantly

reduced when compared to those during the Southeast monsoon.

In contrast, throughout the West monsoon period (December-February), chlorophyll

levels in the Arafura sea are consistently higher than those in the Banda sea. The monthly

average for chlorophyll climatology during December, January, and February is 0.44272 mg

Chl/m

, 0.47864 mg Chl/m

, and 0.48118 mg Chl/m

, respectively. Notably, the chlorophyll

value in December was lower than that in January and February. During the second transitional

season, the chlorophyll value was lower compared to the first transitional season. In April, the

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chlorophyll value was 0.48218 mg Chl/m

, while in November of the second season, it was

0.48394 mg Chl/m

. In the Western season, chlorophyll levels remained low and reached their

minimum peak for the entire year in December. In January and February, chlorophyll levels

slightly increased, and in some areas, the value was above 0.48 mg Chl/m

, particularly on the

Southwest coast of Papua. According to Tubalawony et al., (2015), during the Western season

(December-February) in the waters of the Banda Sea, there is a northwest munson wind that

causes a slight lift in water masses from the thermocline layer. This results in low chlorophyll

concentrations.

During the first Transitional Season, chlorophyll concentrations in waters of the Arafura

and Banda Seas varied between 0.4-0.6 mg Chl/m

and demonstrated an overall increase over

time. The highest temperature was recorded in March 2016, whereas the lowest temperature

was observed in May.

In the East season (June-August), chlorophyll levels in the Banda and Arafura seas rose

significantly, with the average monthly concentrations for June, July, and August being

0.62605 mg Chl/m

, 0.71078 mg Chl/m

, and 0.73541 mg Chl/m

, respectively. These values

were uniformly distributed throughout August. During the second transitional season

(September-November), there was a gradual decline in chlorophyll levels, which became

evenly distributed by November. Chlorophyll values tend to be higher between June and

October, with the highest concentrations recorded in June, July, and August reaching 0.45 mg

Chl/m

, as reported by Ratnawati et al. (2016), There was an upwelling phenomenon in

multiple locations, including the west and south of Buru Island, south of Seram Island, and east

of the Banda Sea. The influx of nutrients in the surface layer, supported by the adequate

penetration of light, enhances photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton in the Banda Sea and

consequently increases water fertility owing to an increase in the chlorophyll-a quantity

contained in phytoplankton. Aside from this, winds that run parallel to the coastline next to

Buru Island also contribute to the upwelling process, particularly towards the northwest. SPL

and chlorophyll-a are significantly impacted by wind speed. When wind speed is high,

chlorophyll-a levels increase, while SPL decreases(Nurafifah et al., 2022).

During the second transitional season (September-November), chlorophyll levels begin

to decline and reach a uniform distribution by November. In this season, chlorophyll values

range from 0.4 to 0.7 mg Chl/m

. The chlorophyll value is higher than that of the first transition

season. At the onset of the second transition season in November, it stands at 0.48394 mg

Chl/m

. The increase in chlorophyll value is attributed to the carry-over effect from the

preceding season, specifically the Eastern season.

c) Primary Productivity

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Graph 4. Climatological Monthly Variation Primary productivity

Overall, there is a peak in primary productivity concentration in August in the Banda and

Arafura Seas. Specifically, this is most pronounced in the northern section of the Banda Sea,

with a decrease in concentration towards the south. This suggests a stronger upwelling intensity

in the northern part of the Banda Sea. The concentration of primary productivity is greater in

the Aru Sea than in the Banda Sea, possibly due to higher rainfall leading to greater discharge

of river water and affecting nutrient input into the sea.

The Arafura Sea experiences high primary productivity as a result of numerous nutrients

entering the sea via large river estuaries. Taufiqurrahman, (2004)reports that thirty rivers drain

into the Aru and Arafura Seas. Several estuaries drain into the Aru Sea, including the Pomako

River Estuary, Ajkwa River Estuary, Amapare River Estuary, and Digul River Estuary.

Meanwhile, the Maro River Estuary in Merauke empties into the Arafura Sea. Of these, the

Digul River Estuary has a significant impact on salinity levels in the Aru Sea. The salinity

distribution of Aru Sea waters is significantly influenced by the Digul River Estuary due to the

immense discharge of freshwater, which expels low salinity from the area surrounding the

estuary. This occurrence arises from excessive rainwater and flowing water from multiple

rivers, which enter in large quantities into the Digul River Estuary.

During the western season, primary productivity concentrations varied between 100-200

mg C/m

. The areas with the highest primary productivity concentrations were around the

waters of Southwest Maluku to the waters of the Tanimbar Islands Regency. In December, the

Banda Sea Waters exhibited low primary productivity concentrations due to high sea surface

temperatures and low chlorophyll values.

In Transitional Season I, primary productivity concentrations ranged from 100-400 mg

C/m

. High primary productivity concentrations are observed in the months of March and April

in the waters around Wetar Island. However, the overall primary productivity concentration

pattern in the Banda Sea waters remains low. This is attributed to the high water temperature

resulting from the position of the sun, which is still on the equator. The chlorophyll

concentration pattern altered in May. While March and April witnessed high concentrations in

Wetar Island's waters, Tanimbar Island's vicinity observed them in May due to the onset of the

southeast munson wind.

During the East season (June-August), primary productivity concentrations in the Banda

and Arafura seas increased. The monthly average primary productivity concentrations for June,

July, and August were 395.2 mg C/m

, 459.5 mg C/m

, and 470.1 mg C/m

, respectively, with

an even distribution in August. Chlorophyll values tended to be higher from June to October

compared to other months. The considerable primary productivity observed during June

indicates that the abundance of chlorophyll-a in the Banda Sea's east season (June-August)

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impacts the primary productivity in these waters. This relationship is suggested by the Banda

Sea's low water temperature values recorded during this period (Uneputty et al., 2022).

During the second transitional season (September-November), there was a decline in

primary productivity concentration that was evenly distributed by November. During the

second transitional season (September-October-November), the values for primary

productivity concentration varied between 150-500 mg C/m

. The concentration of primary

productivity was higher during this season compared to the first transitional season, reaching a

value of 196 in November.

According to Kemili & Putri (2012), the impact of ENSO is clearly evident in the primary

productivity of the Banda Sea. The upwelling process (Wyrtki, 1961) was identified as the

factor which initiates the increase of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) from June to September

in the eastern season. In this season, the eastern munson wind blows, leading to the movement

of the Banda Sea's surface water mass towards the west and the consequent creation of a void.

Nutrient-rich water masses are raised from the deep layers to the surface layer to fill this void

(Gordon & Susanto, 2001). Technical term abbreviations such as "upwelling" and "deep layers"

are explained upon first usage.

d) Fish biomass

Graph 5. Climatological Monthly Variation Large pelagic fish biomass

Fish biomass levels vary on a monthly basis. The outcomes of analyzing fish biomass

demonstrated a monthly minimum average of 4,000,000 tons in March and a maximum of

7,480,300 tons in August.

During the West season (December-February), the Arafura Sea's fish biomass is

consistently higher compared to the Banda Sea's. The monthly average of fish biomass values

in December, January, and February are 2,739,900 tons, 3,031,100 tons, and 2,930,400 tons,

respectively. It is noteworthy that the fish biomass value in December was significantly lower

than that of January and February. During the second transitional season, the fish biomass value

decreased compared to the first season. At the beginning of the first transitional season in April,

the fish biomass value amounted to 2,849,900 tons, whereas in November, at the beginning of

the second transitional season, it was 2,973,600 tons. The Western season, occurring in

[ Estimation of The Potential of Large Pelagic Fish Fisheries Using

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December, experienced the lowest recorded peak of the year for fish biomass. Although fish

biomass increased marginally in January-February, it continued to move westward in the Aru

Sea and Arafura Sea. Fish stocks in these waters are replenished by fish from the Banda Sea.

Moreover, once they arrive in the Aru and Arafura Sea areas, some of the fish will migrate

south and eventually exit into the South Pacific Ocean through the Torres Strait.

Fish biomass concentrations in Transitional Season I are high in March and April in

Wetar Island waters but overall Banda Sea waters still have a low fish biomass concentration

pattern. This is due to the high water temperature caused by the position of the sun still at the

equator. The pattern of chlorophyll concentration in May changed, if in March and April high

concentrations were seen in the waters of Wetar Island, then in May the concentration of high

fish biomass patterns was seen in the area around Tanimbar Island, this is because in May the

southeast munson wind began to blow. During Transitional Season I, the circulation of surface

fish biomass is dominated by currents from the South Pacific Ocean. This fish biomass moves

from the South Pacific Ocean westwards to the Arafura Sea. Furthermore, the fish biomass in

the Arafura Sea moves northwards to the Banda Sea and westwards to the Timor Sea. While in

the Sea, the fish biomass still has the influence of the Northwest Season which causes the

surface fish biomass to move eastward from the west.

In the East season (June-August) the concentration of fish biomass in the Banda and

Arafura seas increases, the value of the average monthly fish biomass concentration of June,

July, August sequentially is 636,050 tons, 638,770 tons, 748,030 tons and evenly distributed

in August. the circulation of surface fish biomass is entirely influenced by currents from the

South Pacific Ocean moving from the southeast to the northwest. Then the fish biomass in the

Aru Sea and Arafura Sea will move northwards to the Banda Sea and also westwards to the

Timor Sea. During this season there is upwelling in the Banda Sea and Arafura Sea which fish

biomass will flow into western Indonesian waters.

Entering the second transitional season (September-November), the concentration of fish

biomass began to decline and was evenly distributed in November. From June to October,

chlorophyll values tend to be higher than other months. In the second transitional season

(September-October-November), the value of fish biomass concentration ranged from

4.000.000-7000.000 tons. The value of fish biomass concentration was higher than the first

transitional season where at the turn of the second transitional season in November it was

5.054.600 tons. According to (Wyrtki, 1961), circulation is influenced by part of the wind that

moves to the southeast and moves to the northwest. In the Arafura Sea there is a meeting of

two masses of water from the South-Pacific Ocean moving westward, with the mass of water

from the Timor Sea moving eastward. While in the waters of the Aru Sea began to occur

currents that move westward and there is a weakening of the current that moves to the east will

result in the occurrence of olakan in the waters of the Aru Sea.

Temperature affects the presence, survival, and distribution of fish in the waters. Each

type of fish has a different optimum temperature for its metabolic needs (Simbolon, 2019).

according to Elasari et al., (2022), the temperature preferred by large pelagic fish ranges from

28°C to 29°C with salinity levels of 29-33‰. In the Banda and Arafura Seas the temperature

ranges from 27-31°C, the temperature is favoured by large pelagic fish to grow and reproduce.

The fertility of a body of water is a reflection of its phytoplankton content. The

chlorophyll-a content is quite large in April and May, so it will fertilise the waters. Chlorophyll-

a concentrations above 0.2 mg/m3 indicate the presence and life of plankton sufficient to

sustain or maintain the development of commercial fisheries (Jamal et al., 2014). Plankton

(phytoplankton) which is the main producer of the marine food web, contains chlorophyll-a

which is able to convert sunlight energy, inorganic materials such as nitrogen, and carbon

Vol. 4, No. 12, 2023

[ Estimation of The Potential of Large Pelagic Fish Fisheries Using

Satellite Data in The Banda and Arafura Seas]

2348

http://devotion.greenvest.co.id|Muhammad Faqih Ahkam, Ayi Tarya

dioxide (CO2) dissolved in carbohydrates especially in open waters (Saraswata & Subadjo,

2013).

The total biomass of phytoplankton is greater than all marine animals (zooplankton, fish,

etc.) The presence of phytoplankton in the water causes light to be absorbed and diffused, and

makes the sea surface layer warmer. Phytoplankton use CO2 from the atmosphere to grow,

which is absorbed into the ocean. When they die, some parts of the plankton from the sea

surface fall to the bottom and become seafloor sediments, so there will be carbon transfer in

the system (Jamal et al., 2014).

correlation between parameters

Table. 2 pearson coefficient table between parameters

SST

Primary

Productivity

Chlorophyll

Biomass

SST

Pearson

Correlation

-,995**

-,993**

Sig. (1-

tailed)

,000

Primary

Productivity

Pearson

Correlation

-,995**

,986**

Sig. (1-

tailed)

,000

Chlorophyll

Pearson

Correlation

-,993**

,986**

,1000**

Sig. (1-

tailed)

,000

Biomass

Pearson

Correlation

-,993**

,986**

,1000**

Sig. (1-

tailed)

,000

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 (1-tailed)

The results of the correlation analysis showed that the four variables were related.

Climatologically, the correlation value and significance between SST is -0.95 primary

productivity is 0.986, chlorophyll is 0.986, fish biomass is 0.986. The negative Pearson SST

coefficient value means there is an inverse relationship between SST and other parameters.

According to Wirasatriya et al. (2017), the Pearson coefficient is included in the very high

category in the relationship between parameters.

CONCLUSION

The Banda and Arafura seas have high average fish biomass values in the eastern season.

With the highest peak of fish biomass in August and the lowest in Desember. The results of the

correlation analysis showed that the four variables were related. Climatologically, the

correlation value and significance between SST is -0.95 primary productivity is 0.986,

chlorophyll is 0.986, fish biomass is 0.986. The negative Pearson SST coefficient value means

there is an inverse relationship between SST and other parameters. The high value of fish

[ Estimation of The Potential of Large Pelagic Fish Fisheries Using

Satellite Data in The Banda and Arafura Seas]

Vol. 4, No. 12, 2023

Muhammad Faqih Ahkam, Ayi Tarya | http://devotion.greenvest.co.id

2349

biomass in the Banda and Arafura Seas is caused by upwelling events where sea surface

temperatures are low but chlorophyll is high. in the Arafura Sea the value of fish biomass is

higher than the Banda Sea, this is due to the large input of nutrients from large rivers in the

area.

Thanks are due to the Korea-Indonesia MTCRC (Marine Technology Cooperation

Research Centre) Scholarship for funding the research. Also, thanks to Copernicus Marine

Service and NASA Oceancolour for providing and accessing the data used in this research

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[ Estimation of The Potential of Large Pelagic Fish Fisheries Using

Satellite Data in The Banda and Arafura Seas]

2350

http://devotion.greenvest.co.id|Muhammad Faqih Ahkam, Ayi Tarya

dan Perikanan Berbasis Laut Banda. Ambon.

Uneputty, B. A. S., Tubalawony, S., & Noya, Y. A. (2022). Klorofil-a dan kaitannya terhadap

Produktifitas Primer Perairan Laut Banda pada Fenomena La Nina Chlorophil-a and

their related to Primary Productivity in Banda Sea Waters in The La Nina Phenomenon

mengetahui daerah potensial penangkapan ( Mustikasari et . 2(1), 57–65.

Westeyn, Gordon, I., & Baars. (1990). Nutrient distribution in the upper 300 m of the eastern

Banda Sea and northern Arafura Sea during and after the upwelling season. Journal of

Sea Research, 4(25), 449–464.

Wyrtki, K. (1961). Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters. Scientific Results of

Marine Investigation of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand 1959-1961, 2(Naga

Report), 195.

Ditjen Perikanan Tangkap. (2009). Statistik Perikanan Tangkap di Laut Menurut WPP.

Elasari, N., Perdanawati, R. A., & Mauludiyah, M. (2022). Analisis Korelasi Parameter

Oseanografi Terhadap Hasil Tangkapan Jaring Purse Seine di Perairan Kranji, Kecamatan

Paciran Kabupaten Lamongan. Jurnal Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 27(3), 371.

https://doi.org/10.31258/jpk.27.3.371-381

Falkowsky, P. G. (1980). Primary Productivity in the sea. plenum press.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3890-1

FAO. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. In In Brief to The State of

World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0463en

Gordon, A. L., & Susanto, R. D. (2001). Banda Sea surface-layer divergence. Ocean Dynamics,

52(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-001-8172-6

Jamal, M., Hasrun, & Ernaningsih. (2014). Tingkat Pemanfaatan Dan Estimasi Potensi Ikan

Cakalang ( Katsuwonus Pelamis ) Di Kawasan Teluk Bone. 24(2), 20–28.

Kemili, P., & Putri, M. R. (2012). Influences of Upwelling Duration and Intensity Based on

Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Toward Primary Productivity Variability in

Indonesian Waters. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 4(1).

https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v4i1.7807

Nurafifah, U. O., Zainuri, M., Wirasatriya, A., Oseanografi, D., Perikanan, F., & Diponegoro,

U. (2022). Pengaruh ENSO dan IOD Terhadap Distribusi Suhu Permukaan Laut dan

Klorofil-a Pada Periode Upwelling di Laut Banda. 04(03), 74–85.

Ratnawati, H. I., Hidayat, R., Bey, A., & June, T. (2016). Upwelling di Laut Banda dan Pesisir

Selatan Jawa serta Hubungannya dengan ENSO dan IOD. Omni-Akuatika, 12(3), 119–

130. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2016.12.3.134

Riupassa, Y., & Wattimuri, J. (2016). Variabilitas Musiman Suhu Permukaan Laut Dan Angin

Di Laut Arafura.

Rosyadi, M. I. (2018). Variabilitas Konsentrasi Klorofil-a di Laut Aru Tahun 2003–2016.

Tugas Akhir Sarjana Program Studi Oseanografi, FITB–ITB.

Saraswata, A. G., & Subadjo, P. (2013). Pengaruh Monsun Terhadap Distribusi Suhu

Permukaan Laut Dan Klorofil-A. 2, 79–87.

Simbolon, D. (2019). Daerah penangkapan ikan: perencanaan, degradasi, dan pengelolaan.

PT Penerbit IPB Press.

Sukresno, B., & Kasa, I. W. (2008). Dynamic Analysis of Banda Sea Concering With El Nino,

Indonesian Through Flow and Monsoon. Ecotrophic, 3(2), 87–91.

Taufiqurrahman, A. (2004). Studi Variasi Temperatur dan Salinitas di Perairan Digul Irian

Jaya. Universitas Padjajaran.

Tristianto, G., Wulandari, S. Y., Suryoputro, A. A. D., Handoyo, G., & Zainuri, M. (2021).

Studi Variabilitas Upwelling di Laut Banda. Indonesian Journal of Oceanography, 3(1),

25–35. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijoce.v3i1.9764

[ Estimation of The Potential of Large Pelagic Fish Fisheries Using

Satellite Data in The Banda and Arafura Seas]

Vol. 4, No. 12, 2023

Muhammad Faqih Ahkam, Ayi Tarya | http://devotion.greenvest.co.id

2351

Tubalawony, Purnanama, & Ferdinandus. (2015). Penentuan Daerah Potensial Upwelling dan

kaitannya Dengan Pengolaan Laut Banda. Seminar Nasional-Pembangunan Kelautan

dan Perikanan Berbasis Laut Banda. Ambon.

Uneputty, B. A. S., Tubalawony, S., & Noya, Y. A. (2022). Klorofil-a dan kaitannya terhadap

Produktifitas Primer Perairan Laut Banda pada Fenomena La Nina Chlorophil-a and

their related to Primary Productivity in Banda Sea Waters in The La Nina Phenomenon

mengetahui daerah potensial penangkapan ( Mustikasari et . 2(1), 57–65.

Westeyn, Gordon, I., & Baars. (1990). Nutrient distribution in the upper 300 m of the eastern

Banda Sea and northern Arafura Sea during and after the upwelling season. Journal of

Sea Research, 4(25), 449–464.

Wyrtki, K. (1961). Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters. Scientific Results of

Marine Investigation of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand 1959-1961, 2(Naga

Report), 195.

Ditjen Perikanan Tangkap. (2009). Statistik Perikanan Tangkap di Laut Menurut WPP.

Elasari, N., Perdanawati, R. A., & Mauludiyah, M. (2022). Analisis Korelasi Parameter

Oseanografi Terhadap Hasil Tangkapan Jaring Purse Seine di Perairan Kranji, Kecamatan

Paciran Kabupaten Lamongan. Jurnal Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 27(3), 371.

https://doi.org/10.31258/jpk.27.3.371-381

Falkowsky, P. G. (1980). Primary Productivity in the sea. plenum press.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3890-1

FAO. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. In In Brief to The State of

World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0463en

Gordon, A. L., & Susanto, R. D. (2001). Banda Sea surface-layer divergence. Ocean Dynamics,

52(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-001-8172-6

Jamal, M., Hasrun, & Ernaningsih. (2014). Tingkat Pemanfaatan Dan Estimasi Potensi Ikan

Cakalang ( Katsuwonus Pelamis ) Di Kawasan Teluk Bone. 24(2), 20–28.

Kemili, P., & Putri, M. R. (2012). Influences of Upwelling Duration and Intensity Based on

Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Toward Primary Productivity Variability in

Indonesian Waters. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 4(1).

https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v4i1.7807

Nurafifah, U. O., Zainuri, M., Wirasatriya, A., Oseanografi, D., Perikanan, F., & Diponegoro,

U. (2022). Pengaruh ENSO dan IOD Terhadap Distribusi Suhu Permukaan Laut dan

Klorofil-a Pada Periode Upwelling di Laut Banda. 04(03), 74–85.

Ratnawati, H. I., Hidayat, R., Bey, A., & June, T. (2016). Upwelling di Laut Banda dan Pesisir

Selatan Jawa serta Hubungannya dengan ENSO dan IOD. Omni-Akuatika, 12(3), 119–

130. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2016.12.3.134

Riupassa, Y., & Wattimuri, J. (2016). Variabilitas Musiman Suhu Permukaan Laut Dan Angin

Di Laut Arafura.

Rosyadi, M. I. (2018). Variabilitas Konsentrasi Klorofil-a di Laut Aru Tahun 2003–2016.

Tugas Akhir Sarjana Program Studi Oseanografi, FITB–ITB.

Saraswata, A. G., & Subadjo, P. (2013). Pengaruh Monsun Terhadap Distribusi Suhu

Permukaan Laut Dan Klorofil-A. 2, 79–87.

Simbolon, D. (2019). Daerah penangkapan ikan: perencanaan, degradasi, dan pengelolaan.

PT Penerbit IPB Press.

Sukresno, B., & Kasa, I. W. (2008). Dynamic Analysis of Banda Sea Concering With El Nino,

Indonesian Through Flow and Monsoon. Ecotrophic, 3(2), 87–91.

Taufiqurrahman, A. (2004). Studi Variasi Temperatur dan Salinitas di Perairan Digul Irian

Jaya. Universitas Padjajaran.

Tristianto, G., Wulandari, S. Y., Suryoputro, A. A. D., Handoyo, G., & Zainuri, M. (2021).

Vol. 4, No. 12, 2023

[ Estimation of The Potential of Large Pelagic Fish Fisheries Using

Satellite Data in The Banda and Arafura Seas]

2352

http://devotion.greenvest.co.id|Muhammad Faqih Ahkam, Ayi Tarya

Studi Variabilitas Upwelling di Laut Banda. Indonesian Journal of Oceanography, 3(1),

25–35. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijoce.v3i1.9764

Tubalawony, Purnanama, & Ferdinandus. (2015). Penentuan Daerah Potensial Upwelling dan

kaitannya Dengan Pengolaan Laut Banda. Seminar Nasional-Pembangunan Kelautan

dan Perikanan Berbasis Laut Banda. Ambon.

Uneputty, B. A. S., Tubalawony, S., & Noya, Y. A. (2022). Klorofil-a dan kaitannya terhadap

Produktifitas Primer Perairan Laut Banda pada Fenomena La Nina Chlorophil-a and

their related to Primary Productivity in Banda Sea Waters in The La Nina Phenomenon

mengetahui daerah potensial penangkapan ( Mustikasari et . 2(1), 57–65.

Westeyn, Gordon, I., & Baars. (1990). Nutrient distribution in the upper 300 m of the eastern

Banda Sea and northern Arafura Sea during and after the upwelling season. Journal of

Sea Research, 4(25), 449–464.

Wyrtki, K. (1961). Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters. Scientific Results of

Marine Investigation of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand 1959-1961, 2(Naga

Report), 195.

Muhammad Faqih Ahkam, Ayi Tarya (2023)

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